Axioms of SURe

Energy and Force are the most fundamental quantities in the universe Unfortunately in current physicis it was and is not possible to get correct understanding of energies and forces because of the lack of basic physical reality like the fundamental laws of nature. By this for basic physical quantities there are no scientific explanations, physically impossible definitions and descriptions, wrong formula and wrong units.

Also for me the descriptions and explanations was rather difficult, so that I had to correct and optimize my statements for many times. Following is the latest revision from September 2025. Further improvements, which means corrections are possible.

Scientific definition of energy:

Energy is a property of an object, which an object has by its mass and its relative motion, which means all energies in universe are energies of motion.

Energy of an object can be transferred to an other object, which is exclusively possible by contacts (mostly collisions) with subsequent superposition of a specific number of spin-energies of different objects.

The superposition of moving spin-energies results to specific interactions which are exactly predetermined by following properties:

- the positions of the structures of objects, at which the additional superposition of spin energies by collisions occur,

- the velocity of collision, which refer to the relative motions of colliding objects,

- the masses of the colliding objects.

The definition implies following:

* Energy is always an energy of motion, which means a kinetic energy of an object.

* Energy is generally a relative vectorial property like motion, which means it cannot be specified without specification of the relative motions of objects.

* The formula for the maximal transferred energy is: Ekin = m * (delta v)

* Current formula Ekin = ½ mv² is physically impossible.

Scientific definition of force:

Force refers to the forced changes of the energies of objects by contacts of the objects.

By this the kinetic energy of particles before additional superposition can be regarded as force of kinetic energy.

* The capability of transfer energy of an object is equivalent to capability that on object exerts a force, which means force and energy are equivalent properties of objects.

B3.2 The total Energy of the Universe

The total energy of all matter in universe is a constant. It is the only constant in universe which has a known accurate value: It is zero.

The only energies, which contribute to the total energy are the spin-energies, vibration energies and kinetic energiesof bound spin-energies. The reason for the contribution to total energy is that the spin- and vibration- energies are absolute energies, because the directions of motions over all volumes of an electron are canceled out.

Thermal energy (=heat) is also an absolute energy, but is so different to the other types of energy that it can’t be compared to other energies and has to be regarded separately.

B3.3 The first scientific Explanation of Spin- Energy

B3.3.1 Spin- Energy is the most important Energy in Universe

Spin-energy is the most important energy in universe because

* spin-energy is equivalent to the only elementary particle in universe, which is the electron.

* Spin-energies are forced to accelerate to the superposition of minimal sum of spin-energies, which is called fundamental force of minimization of spin-energies.

* The fundamental force of spin-energies is the basis for the generation of all matter and energy in universe because it often results to a stable partly superposition by contacts, which is called binding of spin-energies (electrons).

* The fundamental force of spin-energies determines in addition all other interactions in universe by superposition. For superposition spin energies, the rotation energies can be exasperated multiple to small increments over the volume of an electron, which have a momentary force of kinetic energy. The sum of increments of kinetic energies of particles determine the direction of motion of a particle after superposition. This is the explanation for deflections of particles.

B3.3.2 Spin-energy is the only internal Energy

Spin-energy is the only internal energy. The definition of internal energy is, that it exerts a force exclusively within its volume. This means it cannot collide by the motion of spin to other particles and thus the rotation energy of an electron cannot be changed. Exclusively the sum of spin-energies can be changed by vector addition of superposed increments of forces of kinetic energies.

Not explainable is why all generated single spin-energies in universe have the same value and size. The only explanation is presented later.

B3.3.3 The different Characteristics of Spin-energies

A single Spin-energy can have all possible different directions of rotation axis. Of course the different rotation axes do not refer to different energies. A basic and illogical error of current physics is, that spin-energies do few discrete rotation movements, that each discrete rotation movement refers to a discrete energy.

Reality is that by collisions of identical electrons can result to different interactions:

* When first contact occurs at a position of contrary directions of movements, the electrons move to the position of minimal spin-energies, which results either to penetration or to binding of electrons. As the minimal sum of spin-energies refer to a superposition with parallel spin-axes, spin axes which had different orientations (direction of rotation) before collision turn to parallel spin axis with same orientation

* When first contact occurs at a position of same direction of movements, the movement of superposition will either result to penetration or to a stop and a movement to opposite direction until the superposition is terminated and the electrons move free to opposite directions.

This interaction is called reflection.

B3.3.4 First Explanation of Antimatter

Identical particles, which do different interactions caused by side of collision, refer to the definition of antimatter.

As antimatter-particles have just to turn upside down to get particles, matter- and antimatter-particles are identical particles.

An example for different interactions are: electrons can bind with electrons and positrons with positrons, but it is impossible that electrons bind to positrons.

B3.3.5 Important physical Rules for bound Spin- Energies

Above explained mechanism for bindings result to following Realities:

* All bound particles consists either completely of bound electrons or completely of bound positrons, which are identical particles.

* This can be verified by measurements of deflections of decay products of particles in identical magnetic fields.

* At the same time above measurements refute that bindings occur by opposite charges of physically impossible charged particles.

* Partly superposition is the only physically possible binding. All other theories for bindings are physically impossible, are mot explainable and can’ be observed.

B3.3.6 First scientific Explanation of Polarization

Particles are called to be polarized, when these have the same direction of spin rotation and when all spin rotations are in parallel planes. Of course not only photons can be polarized, but all particles. Polarized particles are mostly generated by decay of bound particles. Another possibility is to separate polarired particles by a polarisation filter.

B3.3.7 First scientific Explanation of a Polarization- Filter

Photons which are received on earth by sun or are emitted from a usual light source have bondings, which vibrate all in a specific direction, which is the direction of movements. Despite of same directions of vibrations these photons have all kind of different directions of polarization. This proves that polarization has nothing to do with vibrations like currently claimed. The theory that photons can also be electromagnetic waves is physically impossible and can be refuted by all observations of photons.

B3.3.8 First scientific Explanation of the Double slit experiment

A polarization filter works like a like a double slit except that there are lots of slits. The slits are so tight, that between the edges of the slits the omnipresent photons bind to stable photon-chains. When radiated photons are directed through the slit, all photons, which can adjust their spin orientation to an orientation which suits to be bound to one end of a photon-chain, do the required adjustment and then are bound within the photon-chains. But the new bonding has a direction of vibration which is energetically unstable and quickly breaks again. By this the bound photons are emitted again with specific angles to the left and to the right side of the polarization filter.

By above mechanism, which is called binding& decay many photons are deflected and only the photons which radiate through the slit and have a spin-orientation, which is nearly perpendicular to the photon-chains, can’t bind to the photon-chains and propagate straight through the slits.

This is also the mechanism, which scientifically explains the double slit experiment.

Generally all optical deflections of photons are explained by the bonding&decay mechanism to photon-chains.

B3.3.9 Spin Orientations can’t be measured

.

It is not possible to determine the absolute direction of polarization or the plane of polarization. The polarization of a particle is often changed by an interaction of a particle.

Current explanation of polarization is extreme far away from physically possible.

B3.3.10 Spin- Energies refute Quantum Entanglement

Entangled particles are particles which are generated by split of mutually bound particles. Mostly the split particles of electron-pairs to electrons and the split particles of diphotons to photons are used. As axample for entangled particles. The entangled properties are spin orientation = polarization and kinetic energy.

By physical reality entanglement is explained by predetermination, which is in this case the fact that all bound spin-energies of a particle have same direction of spin, explains that the split particles have the same spin-direction, same polarization and same kinetic energy.

In current physics it could not be explained, why measurements of entangled particles showed always the same properties. Therefore following theory was made up:

Values of properties of entangled particles are not determined by physical laws of nature, but have all possible values at the same time. The values of entangled properties of entangles particles are only then generated and become concrete reality when the property is measured. By the appearance of the value because of measurement also the particle itself realizes, which value it has. By this the particle immediately communicates to the other entangled particle the appeared measurement value. The entangled particle receives the information of the value from its partner and by this it immediately concludes which value it has to present by measurement. Thus entangled particles do interactions based on communication and thinking.

Of course this is an extremely fantastic theory which has aroused high attention and therefore was very successful concerning public funding.

B3.3.11 The Error of Verification of Quantum Entanglement by Bell’s Test

Bell‘s test for verification of quantum entanglement is based on the prediction of measurement results of spin directions of two electrons, which are generated by split of an electron-pair.

Unfortunately Bell made up a test design, which requires that the measurement results are absolute. But as it is impossible to measure all different values of spin orientation, but just two adjusted values which are nearest to the real value, it was not possible to conclude that the results are predetermined. Therefore because of the wrong spin theory an even more absurd theory of quantum entanglement was concluded.

Overall Bell’s test impressively verifies the statements of SURe- New Physics but refutes statements of quantum physics.

B3.3.12 Entangled Spin- Energies explain Laser Radiation

Like many technical applications lasers are extraordinarily valuable technical achievements which engineers have developed despite having completely wrong physical basic knowledge, which means, that these had to be contructed by try and error like all technical equipment.

Whereas the apparatus is exactly built according to requirements, all interactions which occur in the apparatus are physical impossible, which should be known by physicists. Optics could not be understood and explained , because physicists did not accepted that all statements concerning electromagnetic waves and moving electrons in atoms are physically impossible. Both simply do not exist and have never been observed . Other phenomens which are physically impossible are and therfore do not exist, are:

* Energetic levels, which can be occupied.

* Discrete energetic levels.

* The claimed interactions of photons.

* The claimed “Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation”.

The only requirement is, that the medium in the optical cavity absorbs photons from an external source and emits photons in a narrow range.

The real process is called binding&decay mechanism and occurs by following steps:

- By collisions photons bind to diphotons

- The vibration energies of the diphoton are averaged over all six bondings of the eight bound electrons of the diphoton and the spin orientations of all electrons are adjusted to parallel spin-orientations.

- The diphoton split again to two single photons (four bound electrons) .

By this process formerly not polarized photons with different kinetic energies and spin-orientations converted to two polarized photons with same spin orientations of electrons.

By numerous collisions of photons between mirror with subsequent binding &decay reactions all photons become entangled in kinetic-energies and spin-orientation (= polarization) in parallel planes.

B3.3.13 Digital Data Handling by orientations of Spin-energies

Physicists have recognized that the two different orientations of spin-energies can be perfectly used for digital data handling, which is much simpler and more accurate than the data handling by various kinetic energies of particles.

In both cases the only suitable particles are low energetic electron-pairs (=electron-neutrinos). Till January 2025 I was firmly convinced that data handling occurs by electrons. Thus my brain could not realize an unambiguous physical impossibility for many decades. Electron-pairs are usable and are used for data transfer in electrical wires, in glass fibers, in nerves and also wireless.

Strange is that physicists have two possibilities to describe and explain data handling, but they choose the possibility, which does just exist as physically impossible science- fiction and by which not anything can be described and explained in universe.

Physicists use abstract terms like bits, but physicists should talk about physics and not about terms, which they have created. It is not known, who has created the universe, but it is clear that physicists have not the might to create the universe. Physicists should know, what they are doing with the nature of the universe. So, why don’t they tell people the physical reality of a bitstream? This is a rhetoric question, because physicists are obliged to don’t tell anything which uncovers the errors of physical research.

It would show great scientific strength to arrange a common announcement of representatives of all countries, to tell people the truth, because the time has come that mankind would strongly suffer by not telling the truth and not converting to physical reality. The poor status of physical research is well explainable but not converting now to physical reality can no longer excused any more.

The physical reality of a bitstream is a stable specific sequence of moving particles which have defined sequences of spin-up and spin-down values which refer to a specific fixed encoding as information.

B3.3.14 The first scientific Explanation of a Quantum Computer

A quantum computer uses a so called qbit- stream (quantumbit stream) instead of a bit stream.

It has already been mentioned that there are not only two different orientations of spin-energies, but all kind of orientations are possible. By different orientations of magnetic fields different pairs of spin-orientations of electron-pairs can be generated.

So my best guess is, that qbits refer to multiple differently adjusted spin-orientations of electron-pairs.

For me a quantum computer is a clear step back of technology, because the high reliability to differentiate between just two possibilities get lost. It is well known by SURe – New Physics that spin-orientations can slightly be deflected to another angle by penetration through omnipresent photons. This effect can be neglected by just two opposite position, but strongly impacts the reliability of results, when there are multiple pairs of opposite spin orientations with different angles. The loss of reliability can be reduced by cooling but it cannot be eliminated. Thus the advantage of be at increased calculation capacity is clearly lower than the disadvantage of non-reliability. Also by using quantum-computers for calculations, which require no reliability, seems not to be a good choice.

B3.4 The first scientific Explanation of Vibration- Energy

B3.4.1 Mankind uses Thinking just for creating Science-Fiction

The theory of molecular vibrations demonstrates clearly that by the nature of our brains scientists use thinking mainly to make statements which are science- fiction, because our brains are just interested to give an answer, and not interested whether the answer is physically possible or whether it is conform to observations or not. Our brains are just interested in profiling oneself to be an expert. Scientists can be sure that people believe every statement from a scientist. There are many other examples for this,

B3.4.2 Current Science-Fiction to explain molecular Vibration

While the explanation of mechanical vibration is based on observation and is logical, the statements concerning molecular vibrations are not based on any observation, but also not on physical knowledge concerning mechanical observations. Nearly all statements are clearly physically impossible and can be refuted. In addition there is not any valid explanation for molecular vibrations.

Known is that a vibration is caused by alternating forces in opposite direction. For the statement of a vibration these forces have to be defined., like it is done for mechanical vibrations. For molecular vibrations there is not even a theory for corresponding forces and the theory concerning bondings refutes that there can be vibrations. Even more forces are required for different vibrations modes. Except symmetric stretching no vibration mode is physically possible without a fixation to a rigid body

B3.4.3 The real Generation of molecular Vibrations

Logical conclusions and observations of physicists result as already mentioned to the fact, that first particles in universe were irregular moving electrons. Electrons are internal energies in form of spin-energies.

A crucial fundamental law of nature is following:

Internal energies ( =spin-energies = electrons) are forced to be accelerated to the highest superposition, where sum of spin-energies is minimal.

This is the force which causes binding and vibrations. The requirement for binding and vibrations is that electrons with same spin orientations collide, because in this case sides of electrons are contacted , which do contrary movements. The superposition with lowest spin- energy is somewhat beyond the spin axes of two electrons. By approaching this position the reduced spin energy is transferred to kinetic energy which is increased by same amounts so that the total energy remains constant. At the minimum of spin-energy the movement can’ t be stopped abruptly but is just decelerated by increasing sum of spin-energies. When the movement stops before the superposition is terminated, an acceleration occurs to the opposite direction. So the two forces (force of kinetic energy and force of spin-energy minimization cause a permanent alternating of movements, which is called vibration.

Only by an additional collision the bonding can break because the collision energy is added to the vibration energy, by which the maximal vibration amplitude can be exceeded and the bonding breaks,

B3.4.4 Vibration Mode is for all Particles symmetric Stretching

Above mechanism shows that there is just one possible vibration mode, which is the symmetrically stretch vibration.

A catastrophe is that by the physical impossible and clearly refuted theory that absorption of a molecule correlates to number of vibration modes of a molecule, people do actions to ban CO2, although increase of CO2 is used by nature to mitigate (slow down) climate changes. By this devasterous error of physics, mankind and nature suffers extreme pain. Every expert of spectroscopy knows that by increase of CO2 in atmosphere there is a significant cooling effect on earth. Thus because of wrong theory by physicists mankind and nature has to suffer lots of pain. Mankind has to learn in school how to do logical conclusions by unambiguous observations.

Currently we learn in school fatal erroneous theories which are made up by pure science-fiction and threatens our lives.

B3.4.5 Vibrations require that H2O is linear

Symmetric stretch vibrations explain why symmetric linear structures are strongly preferred.

This causes that H2O (water) is unambiguously a linear molecule without an angle like currently claimed. There is not any reason, wh H2O should be angled. There are no unbound electrons or electron-pairs in an atom and when this would be possible these would not occupy relevant space.

Beside this in SURe- New Physics all structures of atoms are known.

There are numerous observations, which refute angled H2O. Crystallization to hexagon structures can exclusively occur by linearr H2O molecules.

B3.4.6 Other characteristics of Vibrations

All vibrations are averaged to a common vibration amplitude and direction, The adjustment consumes energy. Vibrations determine the velocity of an object: the amplitude refers to the strength of motion. The direction of vibration refers to the direction of movement.

B3.5 Kinetic Energy

B3.5.1 First scientific Definition of kinetic Energy

Kinetic energy is a property of an object, which refer to its maximal potential to transfer kinetic energy to another body by collision.

Kinetic energy is a relative vectorial property like velocity.

The maximal transfer of kinetic energy to another object is generally proportional to its mass and the relative speed to the other object: Ekin = m * delta v.

1. Collisions of macroscopic objects:

The maximal kinetic energy is transferred by collisions of free moving macroscopic objects which consists of many particles, between object, when a frontal collision results to following possibilities:

1a) Elastic collision

In this case the colliding objects stay stable and the transferred energy depends on mass ratio. By equal masses complete kinetic energy is transferred in reference to one object. Which means one object transfers complte kinetic energy to the other object. This proves that a body with motion v does not transfer energy of 1/2 mv² to the other object as it is stated in current physics.

1b) Inelastic collision

In this case either a binding or a break of bonding occurs by collision, so that the objects don’t stay stable. By bindings the bound object has a reduced kinetic energy than the sum of kinetic energies of the colliding objects. By breaking of bondings the sum of kinetic energies of generated particles have a higher kinetic energy than the colliding particles. This is caused by transfer of kinetic energy of colliding particles decreased or increased vibration energy of particle or particles.

2. Collisions of single particles

The maximal kinetic energy is transferred by collisions of free moving single particles, when a frontal collision results to following possibilities:

2a) Elastic collision

An elastic collision occurs, when the first superposed volumes of colliding particles do spin rotations to same direction. By this the spin energy increases and cause a force, which turns movement to contrary side and thus results to a reflection of the colliding particles which same values of kinetic energy than before collision.

2b) Inelastic collision

An inelastic collision occurs, when the first superposed volumes of colliding particles do spin rotations to opposite direction. By this the spin energy first decreases and then increases. The increase causes a turn of movement to opposite direction without leaving the superposition. Instead this results to an alternating movement (=vibration). This process is called generation of a bonding. By this kinetic energy is transferred to vibration energy of bonding.

B3.5.2 The undiscovered Limits for Collisions

When the colliding energy of objects (mostly particles) is so strong that the superposition of objects is not stopped, the interaction is no usual collision anymore but is called penetration.

By penetration the objects are just very slightly deflected and have nearly no losses of kinetic energy. Thus there is no relevant change of objects.

Although physicists did many observations of penetration, they haven’t concluded and realized that penetration occurs and has occurred for all high energetic collider experiments till start of experiments about 90 years ago.

Overall this error has caused the highest costs concerning physical research without any value like additional knowledge.

B3.5.3 Significance of kinetic Energy

Kinetic energy is the only energy which can be transferred from one object to another object and thus exerts an impact to other bodies. Therefore kinetic energy is also called usable energy. When we talk about generation or consumption of energy, this refers to kinetic energy.

Generation of energy (kinetic energy) occurs exclusively by transfer of vibration energy to kinetic energy, which occurs exclusively by break of a bonding.

Consumption of energy (kinetic energy) occurs exclusively by transfer of kinetic energy to vibration energy, which occurs exclusively by building of a bonding.

B3.5.4 Current wrong Definition of kinetic Energy

According to Wikipedia there are following descriptions:

1. “In physics, the kinetic energy of an object is the form of energy that it possesses due to its motion.[1]”.

2. “In classical mechanics, the kinetic energy of a non-rotating object of mass m traveling at a speed v is

12mv2

1/2 mv²[2]”.

3. “The kinetic energy of an object is equal to the work, or force (F) in the direction of motion times its displacement (s), needed to accelerate the object from rest to its given speed. The same amount of work is done by the object when decelerating from its current speed to a state of rest.[2]”

Evaluation of descriptions

1. The first statement is correct, but this is exclusively correct because motion is correctly defined as a relative property. By this also kinetic energy becomes a relative property. But it would be much more clearly and understandable when it is emphasized that kinetic energy is a relative property. Otherwise this important knowledge might not be realized. The essential characteristics of a relative property is that it is a not determinable property of an object. Kinetic energy of an object can have all real values of energy. Kinetic energy can exclusively be assigned by mentioning a reference position.

2. The second statement is contrary to the first statement. It is physical impossible that an energy of motion of a body does exponentially increase by the motion of the body. This is clearly violating fundamental law of constancy of total energy. In addition a square velocity has no physical meaning and thus is not explainable.

Another fact is that physical laws have to be generally valid and not only for classical mechanics. When it seems that there are differences, this has to be logically explained. An example for an apparent exception is that for small particles like photons the real speed is much higher than the observed propagation speed The observed propagation speed is reduced proportional to the kinetic energy because of time losses by propagation through omnipresent photons. This results to the fact, that the propagation speed is constant despite the real speed and the corresponding kinetic energy varies.

3. In the third part just the statement is reality that kinetic energy can be used as a force This is very important in order to calculate superposed forces by vectorial addition.

Mathematical and physical non-sense is the description of kinetic energy by work (see separate chapter).

Another fatal misunderstanding reveals by mentioning the acceleration from zero to final velocity. This again reveals that physicists regard velocity and kinetic energy as absolute properties, which can be specified. Physicist should know, that exclusively the difference of velocities and kinetic energies between two objects or can be specified. To which absurd statements the disregard of this physical law (principle of relativity) results, are clearly demonstrated by the theories of relativity by Albert Einstein.

Additional Comment:

All claimed verifications of Einstein’s statements have been unambiguously uncovered as invalid verifications which occurred by basic errors. All unambiguous results of performed tests of relativity theories are conform to SURe – New Physics and contributed strongly to the detection of physical reality.

B3.5.5 The Error, which resulted to the wrong Formula Ekin = ½ mv²

The error of the current formula resulted by a normal mistake.

The basic mistake was made by the physicist who was one of the first, who did an experiment to define the correlation between the velocity and the kinetic energy of an object.

The description and finding of the experiment from 1722 according to Wikipedia:

“By dropping weights from different heights into a block of clay, Willem 's Gravesande determined that their penetration depth was proportional to the square of their impact speed. Émilie du Châtelet recognized the implications of the experiment and published an explanation.[5]

Correct considerations for this experiment were:

* Kinetic energy of an object refers to the impact potential to another object.

* The impact of an object can roughly be determined by the penetration depth in a block of clay.

Wrong conclusion by biased thinking:

* By free-fall of a body its impact speed at the ground is proportional to height of free-fall.

The well-known reality in current physics is:

* By free-fall of a body its impact speed at the ground is proportional to square root of height of free-fall.

The correct correlation results to the formula Ekin = m * v.

More scientific is to write Ekin = m * delta v in order to make clear that kinetic energy is a relative property.

All repeated experiments with the correctly calculated impact velocities of bodies by free-fall resulted to the correct proportionality of kinetic energy to delta v.

Beside this physicists should have realized that the correlation to square-velocity is physically impossible, because:

* Square speed has no physical meaning and thus does not exist.

* Square speed is mathematically impossible because speed is a relative property.

* A mathematically formula has to be explainable. It can’t be explained that the impact correlates two times to a speed value.

* The transfer of energy (= impact) to another body cannot result to more energy than the energy of motion.of the body.

* The acceleration of an object has to be independent from start and end velocity, which is not the case for quadratic quantities.

B3.5.6 Erroneous Derivation of ½ mv²

Typical for our brain is, that it works not based on physical reality but based on achieving a goal. By the firm belief that scientists do never errors, people blindly believe in every statement of a scientist and do not any logical thinking about the statement. The blind trust is so strong that physicists “apparently verify” nearly every absurd statements of physicists by doing unconsciously serious errors. This automatically occurs, because our brains does not realize their faults by the verification any more as soon as the versification is apparently achieved.

In case of the wrong formula ½ mv² a different property instead of kinetic energy was used for derivation of kinetic energy, which is work. Unfortunately our brains did not realize that work is defined by a physically impossible formula. (see separate chapter).

Another error of mathematics is that different meanings of a property are used and canceled out. An example is that second is used as a fixed time span for acceleration by per second and second is used for a variable time span.

B3.5.7 The Learning of the wrong Formula for kinetic Energy

Important learning is that errors by scientific research have to be regarded as normality and not as poor performance or intelligence. Errors are nothing to be criticized.

The basic problem in sciences is, that because of the negative attitude to errors by most people, scientists vigorously deny the error and even declare other scientists insane, who refute their statement by unambiguous observations. This is particularly done when scientists have already worked for many years with the erroneous statement.

Searching and correction of errors should be the main task in scientific research.

Exclusively by continuous searching and correcting of own errors I achieved to detect the reality of the universe. As already mentioned, over 90% of my work refers to searching and correction of own errors.

B3.5.8 The correct kinetic Energy has been called Momentum

Of course scientists can’t use and do not use the wrong formula for important calculations. Thus scientists have already corrected the formula for kinetic energy and are using the correct formula.

But again, as errors in physics are regarded as taboo, the correction is not admitted. Instead of admitting the error of kinetic energy and correcting it, physicist created a new term for real kinetic energy and called this momentum.

To the general public still the wrong formula is presented, so nobody gets aware that physicists have done a fault. The wrong formula would be a normal fault of research, but not admitting an error, is an inexcusable severe fault.

The term momentum is not a good choice, because it is not meaningful and it creates confusion. Kinetic energy is a fundamental energy, and therefore should be called kinetic energy and not momentum. Of course it has to be corrected to reality.

B3.5.9 Wrong Formula for Work verifies Error of kinetic Energy

The current formula for the work of an object is: The exerted force to an object times displacement of an object in meter. Physicists have not realized that this formula makes no sense and is physically impossible. Physicist well know that an object needs no force for a displacement. Either work for a displacement is not required or, when an object experiences a constant force than it is accelerated, which means that by the same force the value of displacement changes by increasing displacement and by the same displacement a decreasing force has to be exerted. It is not meaningful and not possible to get a result by multiplication of changing undefined factors.

Overall the invalid formula for work cannot be used for calculations, but it is suitable to do a fake verification of the wrong formula for kinetic energy.

The term work has to be eliminated from physics and replaced by exerted or experienced constant force per time span. Also the unit has to be adjusted.

When there is a permanently exerted force, a meaningful calculation would be to multiply force per second with total time of exertion of force.

B3.5.10 The Non-sense of the Factor 1/2

The falsification of the original erroneously found proportionality to v² by the factor ½ does not make sense at all. The only reason for the factor seems to be, that the found wrong proportionality to v² clearly results to much too high values.

Reality is that the integral over v of the real function (Ekin = mv) is ½ mv², which can be used for calculations of the required energy of permanent accelerations. But the result should be identical to the real Ekin at final delta v.

Thus the integral of ½ mv² is a verification that the kinetic energy of a body is Ekin = m* delta v.

B3.5.11 The Refutation of ½ mv² by elastic Collisions

As the wrong formula for kinetic energy is used to derive current formula for frontal elastic collisions, this formula is also clearly wrong.

The claimed formula can be simply refuted by hundreds of collision tests. There are very few very simple test conditions by which the wrong formula results to correct results.

This is a demonstration of current extremely unscientific thinking:

When very few test conditions are conform to a general physical statement, the statement is claimed to be reality, although all other test conditions unambiguously refute the statement.

Physical reality is the contrary:

When there is one condition, by which measured data do not agree to data which result by the claimed general formula, then the general formula is refuted. It has to be eliminated and replaced by a valid formula.

As all interactions are predetermined, the result of all collisions of particles are predetermined by properties of particles before collisions:

- whether elastic collision (reflection) or inelastic collision (binding/ decay) occurs.

- which elastic and inelastic collision occurs.

- whether penetration occurs instead of collision.

Derivation of the valid equations by which the real for frontal elastic collisions:

The rule for frontal elastic collisions of two bodies with masses m1 and m2 and their relative velocities vb and va before and after collision can be derived by following knowledge:

1. The constancy of total kinetic energy:

(m1 * vb) + (m2 * vb) = (m1 * va) + (m2 * va) or

(m1+m2) * vb = (m1+m2) * va

2. By collision the two bodies superpose and the superposed body (m1+m2) gets a common velocity of vc to an external reference.

(m1 + m2) * vb) = (m1+m2) * (vb + vc)

3. By reflection from the superposed body the two bodies are emitted again with equal kinetic energy in opposite direction:

m1 * (vc + vb) = m2 *( vc- vb )

This shows that there are enough equations to determine all parameters after collision.

B3.6 Other Errors of kinetic Energy

B3.6.1 The Unit for kinetic Energy has to be corrected

Besides the formula it is important for understand physical interactions that also the unit for kinetic energy has to be corrected. Like properties, also the units for properties have to be logically explainable. This is not the case for current unit of kinetic energy.

As the basic property of kinetic energy has the same meaning as force and refers to an interaction by one collision, these properties have to be described by mass times velocity of a body with the unit kg * m/s.

For multiple constant collisions over time, which means long-term exertion of a force as well as long-term generations or consumptions of energy, this can be described by “mass times velocity per time” , with the unit “ kg *(m/s) / s”. The correct formula should be used for all kinetic energies except when this is not possible.

B3.6.2 Frequencies of Photons have to be replaced by kinetic Energies

Absolutely wrong is the statement that kinetic energies of photons can be expressed by frequencies. Photons are particles as all other particles which has already been found out by Albert Einstein. Frequencies are even not suitable to explain any interaction of photons. All interactions of photons Are scientifically explained by rules of particles.

Particles have have no frequencies as these are no waves. The claimed frequencies of photons have never been observed and never have been measured, because it is simply impossible.

Real waves like water waves or sonic waves refer to particles which do wavelike movements. Wavelike movements can only be done when there are alternating forces in opposite directions. The only wavelike movements which all particles make are vibrations of bondings, which can be logically explained by the two only existing forces. Real waves are generally harmonic, because otherwise even more forces are required. Also the physically impossible electromagnetic waves are generally illustrated by harmonic waves. Most people know by observations that the energies of waves like water waves increase by increasing heights of amplitudes and that by increasing height of amplitudes the frequencies of all real waves decrease. For the fictive waves of photons physicists have chosen the contrary, which refutes that photons are waves.

Most people know that photons do impacts to spectroscopic detectors and also to human detectors like eyes. Thus photons must have a mass, which can be measured by their impacts of collisions. In addition photons must have different velocities because different kinetic energies are observed. Thus the task of physicists should have been to explain, why no different velocities are observed.

As already mentioned SURe – New Physics realized, that beside the propagation speed which is reduced by penetration through omnipresent photons, there is a “real” speed between penetrations which determines the kinetic energy of photons. By this photons have the same kinetic energy as all other object which is Ekin = m* delta v.

B3.6.3 The severe Error that kinetic Energy can‘t be generated

Physicists still claim that kinetic energy has to be conserved and thus can’t be generated, although the generation of kinetic energy can be daily observed, like the generated kinetic energies of emitted photons by sun. In principle all kinetic energies of have been generated. Essential physical rules are:

* All kinetic energies in universe are generated by the transfer of the vibration energy of a bonding to kinetic energy which occurs by breaking of the bonding by too strong vibration.

* All kinetic energies can be consumed again by the transfer of kinetic energy to vibration energy of a bonding by building of a new bonding.

The law of conservation of energy refers exclusively to total energy.

The error of the conservation of kinetic energy has created many other errors. Besides the wrong formula for elastic collisions there is following other example: physicists have observed that one single cosmic proton, which enters the atmosphere, do numerous successive decay reactions so that millions of electrons and positrons arrive at the surface of earth. The sum of energies of decay particles were measured to be 10 exp.15 eV, which is much higher than the kinetic energy of highest accelerated proton in LHC at CERN. It was concluded by conservation of kinetic energy that the initial cosmic proton must have such a high kinetic energy although this is quasi physically impossible because in nature there are not such high kinetic energies possible.

B3.6.4 The fatal Error that Bindings generate kinetic Energy

The break of a bonding requires high kinetic energy. Thus physicists draw the wrong conclusion that the building of bondings generates kinetic energy.

Experts of chemical kinetics know the reality: Every single reaction needs an activation energy in form of collisions by kinetic energy. The activation energy for decay reactions is very large. But the consumed activation energy is generated again by adding this energy to the kinetic energies of the generated decay particles.

Thus essential physical rules are:

* The building of a bonding between particles consumes kinetic energy by transferring kinetic energy to vibration energy of the new built bonding of the bound particle.

* The breaking of a bonding of a particle generates kinetic energy by transferring vibration energy of the bonding to kinetic energy of the split parts of the particle.

As nuclear fusion is a binding reaction, nuclear fusion unambiguously consumes kinetic energy, which is verified by each of the uncountable test measurements, which physicists did since about 60 years.

Physicists can’t change logical natural laws even when all physicists on earth state this.

B3.6.5 The serious Fake of the Existence of a nuclear Fusion Bomb

Every scientist has the possibility to study the construction plan of a so called fusion bomb. By doing this, every scientist will realize that the apparent fusion bomb is in reality a fission bomb , in which the nuclear fission reactions by generated neutrons as decay products are strongly increased. Thus the use of the term nuclear fusion bomb is just used for a high effective fusion bomb. This has been probably done in order to make the enemy believe, that it is something which is impossible for the enemy to construct. The reality is that not anyone can construct and build a fusion bomb.

The statement that the observed detonations referred to a nuclear fusion bomb is clearly refuted by the fact that all observations are conform to a nuclear fission bomb, like the decay particles and hazards, which refer to extremely hazardous electrons, neutrons and high energetic photons (=heat and pressure by heated air).

B3.7 The Correlation of kinetic Energy to Mass

B3.7.1 The scientific Explanation of Mass

Mass is a factor, which is inverse proportional to kinetic energy and change of kinetic energy (=acceleration). The mass factor generally correlates to a the vector sum of vibration amplitudes over all vibration energies impacted by a collision of objects.

The best way to explain mass is to refer to the interaction of measuring of the mass of an object, which is done by weighing an object by scales. Scales have to be calibrated by a mass as reference, which has a fixed value. Thus mass values are not absolute. The measurement is mostly done by a deformation of a spiral, which stops when the force of deformation is equal to the force of kinetic energy of the object.

The mass of particles are mostly measured by deflections of magnetic fields. When a particle collides to a magnetic field lines, it is generally stopped by binding to the magnetic field line. Directly after binding the vibration energies are averaged and then the bound particles is emitted again, which is done in a direction which is adjusted nearer to the direction of the magnetic field lines. The kinetic energy of the emitted particle is proportional to its mass and the strength of magnetic field. The flight length is measured, which correlates to the mass.

B3.7.2 The Error of the Mass of an Electron

The mass of an emitted electron can’t be measured, because an electron interacts exclusively by its spin energy, as these have no bonding and thus no vibration energy. Possible interactions by magnetic fields are cyclic movements and penetration. Unambiguously observed interaction is absorption (=binding). By this the bound electron is not emitted again, but results to other decay reactions of the magnetic field line, which means the electron is eliminated. It is well observed by radioactive beta- decays that electrons have just a very short life time.

In SURe -New Physics VOL E = Electricity, it is unambiguously refuted that the particles of electricity are electrons. The reality is that all observations concerning electricity refer to interactions of electron-pairs (=neutrinos).

Physicists have already identified, that particles of electric current are electron-pairs, but call these Cooper pairs.

B3.8 Other Explanations concerning Energies

B3.8.1 The first scientific Expanation of Acceleration

Acceleration refers to the change of the relative movement and/or relative direction of the movement of an object, this means acceleration always refers to change of kinetic energy. Absolute acceleration can not be determined until today, it can not even determined whether the speed increases or decreases, because this depends on the chosen reference.

In order to change the kinetic energy of an object, kinetic energy has to be generated or consumed.

Physical rules:

* Generation of kinetic energy exclusively refers to breaking of bondings, because vibration energy of bonding is transferred to kinetic energy of split parts of broken particle

* Consumption of kinetic energy exclusively refers to building of bondings.

* Building and breaking of bondings is possible between all particles, as all bondings refer to partly superposition of electrons.

The detailed transfers of kinetic energy by building of a binding:

1 a). The kinetic energy of colliding particles are transferred to vibration energy of the build bonding.

1b) The reduced spin energy by binding is transferred to vibration energy of the build bonding.

1c) The vibration energy of new bonding is averaged with all other vibration energies of the new bound particle to a common value and common direction.

This occurs by minimizing of spin-energies

1d) Other bindings occur until the vibration of a bonding exceeds maximal vibration amplitude and breaks.

2a. By breaking of a bonding the complete vibration energy of a bonding is transferred to kinetic energy of the broken parts of the particle, by which each half take over 50% of kinetic energy

2b. By this the broken parts are emitted to opposite sides by specific kinetic energies which are mostly higher than average kinetic energies of interacting particles.

Comment: The complete process is called binding&decay mechanism.

B3.8.2 Explanation of Brownian Motions of a Group of Particles

Brownian motion is called the observation, that a group of free moving particles of same type do various accelerations to all kind of directions and to only few different maximal velocities. There is no physical possible force for bondings and there is not any force for the decay and acceleration of a group of particles.

In addition the motions are not correctly described. It is claimed that Brownian motions are random. For this there should be all kind of velocities in a specific range, because collisions are done by all kind of angles. But this is not the case. The physical reality is that all interactions are exactly predetermined, which is also valid for each movement of a single particle, which contributes to Brownian movements.

The various movements can well be explained by bonding&decay mechanism, which allows all kind of directions but just few possibilities for velocities.

B3.8.3 Brownian motion explains the Force to balance Densities

Balancing of densities is currently not correctly explained. Instead of explanation there are different descriptions. The correct explanation is that in a high density region there occur more collisions and thus more emissions of particles in all directions than on a region with a less density of particles. Thus there is an overall force to move from high density to low density. The exertion of a force to a specific direction is also called pressure. The force of balance densities can also be described by force to balance kinetic energies or force by pressure gradient.

This force explains

* Wind.

* Barometric pressure.

* Motion of natural gas from gas supply to gas heater.

* Motion of omnipresent photons (=heat) from high heat to low heat.

B3.8.4 Error and Reality of Thermal Energy and Heat

All interactions about thermal energy and heat are described and explained in SURe-New Physics Vol. T = Thermodynamics.

Here it is just mentioned The first scientific definition of thermal energy which is identical to heat:

Heat refers to the average kinetic energy of a macroscopic volume of omnipresent photons.

Because of the averaging of billions of kinetic energies of irregularly moving omnipresent photons heat is an absolute property, which can be measured by an absolute temperature.

The most important rule is that because heat is absolute, it is a completely different property than energy and that heat does not correlate to energy and can’t be compared with energy.

B3.8.5 Gravitational Energy

All interactions about gravitation are described and explained in SURe-New Physics Vol. G = Gravitation.

Gravitation is caused by force of spin-minimization which accelerates bodies to the superposition of highest gradient of spin-energies of omnipresent photons.

Movements of all celestial bodies are caused by vector addition of the force of kinetic energies of celestial bodies and the force of spin-energy minimization by superposition of celestial bodies with omnipresent photons. Therefore gravitation refers to the acceleration to the highest concentration gradient of omnipresent matter.

B3.8.6 Magnetic Energy and electromagnetic force fields

All interactions are described and explained in SURe- New Physics Vol. M = Magnetism and in SURe_ New Physics Vol. E = Electricity.

Both energies refer to deflection of objects by force of spin-energy minimization of magnetic field lines which consits of photon-chains.

B3.8.7 No Energies

No Energies are potential energies, chemical energies, mass , rest energy

B3.9 Errors and Reality of Electric Energy

3.9.1 Definition of Electric Energy

Electric energy is the kinetic energy of particles of electric current. All interaction of electricity are described in detail and logically explained by laws of nature in SURe- New Physics Vl. E = Electricity.

Here just the basic errors are mentioned

3.9.2 My Error that Particles of Electric Current are Electrons

I have to admit that until February 2025 I erroneously believed, that the particles of electric current are electrons. The unambiguous physical reality is that the particles of electric current are electron-pairs , currently also called electron-neutrinos or just neutrinos.

Physicists have already identified long before me that electron-pairs are particles of electric current, which consist of two bound electrons. Unfortunately physicists used a rather misleading term, which is Cooper pair in honor to the detector. This is done because they wrongly thought, that electrons are something special because electrons bind only by very cold temperatures to electron-pairs. This is no reality. Electron-pairs are stable also by very high temperatures. The statement that the electric current refers to electrons can easily be refuted by following unambiguous observations:

* It is known that emitted particles by decay of atomic nuclei, which is called radioactive decays are electrons, called beta-radiation. It is also known that the emitted electrons are seriously hazardous because of the high potential to cause cancer. By this electricity generally can’t refer to electrons, otherwise all applications of electricity should have been forbidden becauese of being clearly hazardous.

* Electricity is used for data handling like transfer and storage of signals. Strange is that physicist don’t talk about physics but about abstract phenomenons which have no physical meaning like data, information, signal, stimuli, bits, bytes and so on. Physically reality is that exclusively particles can be transferred and that data can exclusively refer to specific properties of particles, formerly kinetic energies have been used, by digital data handling spin orientations are used as properties.

The specific kinetic energies of particles refer to vibration energies of their bondings. It is known that electrons have no bondings. Thus electrons are not suitable for data handling.

3.9.3 The Generation of electric Current

The electron-pairs are accelerated not as claimed by an electric potential, but by following mechanism:

* By electric generators in a power plant a high density of electron-pairs is generated.

* Electron-pairs with high density is a medium, which is the same as molecules with high density, which means a high pressure of particles is generated.

* The power plants provides the pressurized electron-pairs to electric sockets,

* When a consumer connects the socket with a plug and there is an electric circuit the pressurized electron-pairs flow through a circuit to an electrical grounding.

Overall the movement of an electric current is caused by pressure difference of electron-pairs and thus has nothing to do with charged electrons.