Updated on 06-April-2024
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Carelesss errors have still to be checked
Content
SURe VOL. A: SURe of Astrophysics
A1 General Research of Astrophysics
A1.1 Wrong Understanding of spectroscopic Data
A1.2 Wrong Understanding of Radio Radiation
A1.3 Wrong Understanding of energetic Effects of Photons
A1.4 A magic Energy to stick to impossible Expansion of Space
A2 The Generation of celestial Bodies
A2.1 The Generation of Hydrogen
A2.2 Generation of Stars
A2.2.1 Observations concerning Generation of Stars
A2.2.2 Explanation of Generation of Stars
A2.2.3 Gravitational Collapse is physically impossible
A2.3 The very specific Structure of the Matter of Stars
A2.4 The first scientific description of the Nucleation Process
A2.5 First scientific Description of Energy Generation of Stars
A2.5.1 Decay of Photon Chains by Nucleation
A2.5.2 The generation of magnetic fields
A2.5.3 The burst out of magnetic Fields
A2.5.3 The Ignition of Stars
A2.6 SURe of Supernovae
A2.6.1 Observations of a Supernova
A2.6.2 The physically impossible Gravitational Collapse
A2.6.3 First scientific Explanation of a Supernova
A2.6.4 First scientific Explanation of the Plateau of Supernova
A2.6.5 First Explanation of Generation of a Neutron Star
A2.6.5.R Revision concerning Neutron Star from April 2024
A2.6.6 No Increase of Rotation Velocity by Supernova
A2.6.7 First scientific Explanation of generation of all atoms
A2.6.8 First Explanation of Generation of Star System
A2.6.9 First scientific Explanation of Generation of Planets
A3 Descriptions of different Stars
A3.1 General Definition of a Star
A3.2 Classification of stars
A3.2.1 Useful Classifications
A3.2.2 Visible Spectral Classification does not make Sense
A3.2.2 Temperatures of Stars can‘t be measured
A3.3 Scientific Description of a White Dwarf
A3.4 Scientific Description of Giant Stars
A3.5 First scientific Description of Pulsars
A3.5 First scientific Description of Magnetars
A3.5 First scientific Description of Galaxies
A3.5.1 Scientific Description of Quasars
A3.5.2 First scientific Description of a Black Hole
A3.5.3 First Explanation of Gravitational Force
A3.5.4 First Explanation of gravitational Force by a Black Hole
A3.5.5 First Explanation of the galactic Bulge
A3.5.6 Science Fiction has more Value than Observation
A3.5.7 Unusual Gravitation in outer Regions of Galaxies
A3.5.8 First Explanation of the spiralic Form of most Galaxies
A3.5.9 First Explanation of the Generation of spiral Arms
A3.5.9 First Explanation of the non-circular Orbits
A3.5.10 First Explanation of the galactic Jet
Attention:
Following chapters are 8 years old and have to be revised
The term Neutrino has changed to Photon
ON = Omnipresnt photons
RN = Radiated Photons
BN = Bound photons
4.1.8 The important TEMPERATURE CONTROL of Celestial Bodies 23
4.1.9 All stated TEMPERATURES in Cosmos have to be corrected 24
4.1.10 Clean Energy by dirty Spots (SUNSPOTS) 25
4.1.11 Prominent Events on Surface of Sun 25
4.1.12 The wrong understanding of STELLAR RADIATION 26
4.1.13 BLACK BODY RADIATION of Sun / Isn‘t it paradox? 27
4.1.14 The Origin of ABSORPTION LINES 27
4.1.15 The REDSHIFT of emitted Radiation from Stars 28
4.1.16 The inconsistent Postulate of LOSS OF RADIATION ENERGY 28
4.1.17 The Inconsistencies of SPECTRAL CLASSIFICATIONS of Stars 29
4.1.18 The Redshift of Sun verifies the REAL ORIGIN of REDSHIFTS 29
4.1.19 The circular Reasoning for COLORS OF STARS 29
4.1.20 REAL ENERGY GENERATION of Stars 30
4.1.21 CLIMATE CHANGES by Sun 30
4.1.22 Expansion of Ordinary Stars to GIANT STARS 30
4.1.23 Cepheid Variables 31
4.2 The End of ordinary Stars: SUPERNOVA 32
4.2.1 The real ORIGIN of SUPERNOVAE 32
4.2.2 REACTIONS OF SUPERNOVAE 33
4.2.3 Different TYPES of SUPERNOVAE 33
4.2.4 Explanation of REMNANTS 34
4.2.5 Why are there Plateaus of Radiation over Time? 35
4.2.6 NUCLEOSYNTHESIS by Supernova 35
4.2.7 SPECTRA of Supernovae 36
4.2.8 Generation of Molecules by Supernova 36
4.2.9 Petroleum and Natural Gas are no fossil Fuels 37
4.2.10 Generation of solid Celestial Bodies like Earth 37
4.2.11 Conversion of Hydrogen to GOLD by simple Chemistry 38
4.2.12 Realistic Measurement of DISTANCES OF SUPERNOVAE 38
4.3 WHITE DWARF STARS and NEUTRON STARS 38
4.3.1 Degenerate Science: The Hypotheses of DEGENERATE MATTER 38
4.3.2 CHANDRASEKHAR limited Mass of White Dwarfs 39
4.3.3 Temperature and Pressure Control of White Dwarfs 40
4.3.4 Scientifically sound description of NEUTRON STARS 40
4.3.5 Overview of reactions in Neutron Stars 41
4.3.5 Scientifically sound Description of RADIO PULSARS 42
4.3.6 Scientifically sound Description of X-RAY PULSARS 43
4.3.7 Scientifically sound Description of MAGNETARS 44
4.3.8 What do RADIO TELESCOPES measure? 45
4.4 Magics of BLACK HOLES becomes Science of NEUTRINO STARS 45
4.4.1 Black Holes are described by unrealistic Hypotheses 45
4.4.2 Realistic Hypotheses for Black Holes refer to Neutrino Stars 46
4.4.3 Generation of STELLAR NEUTRINO STARS 46
4.4.4 The simple Generation of SUPERMASSIVE NEUTRINO STARS 47
4.4.5 Calm but diligent: Neutrino Stars arrange GALAXIES 47
4.4.6 The Inconsistencies of orbital Velocities near Neutrino Stars 48
4.4.7 THE BULGE falsifies current Physics 48
4.4.8 The Reality: ZERO GRAVITATION on surface of Neutrino Stars 49
4.4.9 We do not orbit around SAGITTARIUS A 49
4.4.10 Quasi-Stars: QUASARS 50
4.4.11 Nothing in Cosmos can take JETS for traveling 50
4.4.12 And another postulated Impossibility: ACCRETION DISKS 51
4.4.13 Real and Scientific Explanation of BLACKNESS of “BLACK HOLES” 51
4.4.14 PICTURE of Neutrino Star in April 2019 52
4.4.15 Stars in outer region of Galaxies don’t care about Rules of Physics 53
4.4.16 Frantic Trials to solve Anomalies failed: DARK MATTER and MOND 53
4.4.17 Neutrino Stars send out ONs to control Orbital Velocities 54
4.5 GENERATION OF THE UNIVERSE 55
4.5.1 The BIG BANG of antiscientific Postulates 55
4.5.2 Unrealistic Postulate of COSMIC INFLATION 55
4.5.3 Unrealistic Postulate of COOLING DOWN 57
4.5.4 New Physics/ SURe of the Generation of the Universe 57
4.5.5 Generation of Elementary Particles 58
4.5.6 Timeline of Star Evolution 59
4.6 The largest and most important Object in Cosmos: THE LIMIT 59
4.7 GRAVITATIONAL WAVES 60
4.7.1 Quite different than postulated: Gravitational Waves 60
4.7.2 Detected Gravitational Waves verify New Physics/ SURe 60
4.8 DARK ENERGY: One of the darkest Moments of Physics 62
4.8.1 Lots of dark Energy is required to postulate Dark Energy 62
4.8.2 RED SHIFTS occur in Faces of Physicists when they realize their fatal Error 62
4.8.3 Next please: The ERROR OF DISTANCIES 63
4.8.4 Criticism against Physicists who did not realize Errors? 64
4.8.5 Overview of falsified Hypotheses for EXPANSION OF SPACE 64
4.8.5 For good Measure: The absurd Hypothesis for Duration of SN-Ia 65
4.8.6 Wrong Interpretation of Redshift of Quasars 65
4.8.7 Postulated AGE of UNIVERSE has no bases 66
4.8.8 The UNIVERSE HAS A CONSTANT FINITE SIZE! 66
SURe VOL. A: SURe of Astrophysics
Nearly all knowledge of astrophysics has to be derived by spectroscopic data. Spectroscopic data refer to matter in space which emit particles and matter in space which absorb particles. In both cases the emitted and absorbed particles are mostly photons but also electron-pairs. The intensities of photons and the kinetic energies per photon can be measured by spectroscopy. Unfortunately the origin of spectroscopic data has not been understood. The theory is that photons are absorbed and emitted by discrete energy states of atoms. The scientific reality is that there are no discrete states of energy of atoms. This is verified by the observation that absorbed and emitted photons have nearly always different kinetic energies. Absorption is equivalent to bondings of photons and emission of photons is equivalent to decay of photons. It has to be differentiated between thermal and kinetic absorptions and emissions.
Thermal absorptions and emissions result to very broad single spectroscopic bands These occur by bonding to or decay of photon chains, by which temperatures are equalized.
Kinetic absorptions and emissions result to several more or less sharp spectroscopic bands. Exclusively these can be used for identification, because the energies are specific for atoms. Absorption bands refer to activation energies of a specific reactions. Concerning photons the corresponding reactions are photolysis reactions, which is the kinetic energy of a photon has exactly the minimum energy to break a specific bonding. By this the before bound particle is often emitted. Overall this explains following rule of kinetics and the corresponding observations:
Absorbed and emitted energies of photons are generally different, as these are two different physical phenomenons.
Another error of current physics is the statement that radio radiation refers to photons. SURe is that radio radiation refers to emissions of electron-pairs. This explains the advantage of doing measurements by electron-pairs: As these are smaller than photons these penetrate most molecules in space and in atmosphere. Therefore these can be measured in cases where photons cannot be seen because of absorption by galactical atomic clouds.
Photons are always accompanied by electron-pairs, as there is always a very low concentration of photons which decay to electron-pairs. Another advantage of electron-pairs is that these can be detected in very low concentrations. Collisions to iron sensors (antenna) directly causes decay to two electrons.
This is the explanation why temperature can be contactlessly measured by electric sensors and why omnipresent photons can be measured by CMB (Cosmic Microwave Background).
A severe error of current physics is the statement that kinetic energies of photons exclusively change by movements of source and detector of photons (= optical Doppler effect). The optical Doppler effect is equivalent to the fact that kinetic energy is a relative property. Also photons have a kinetic energy which differs by relative movements. The kinetic energies of photons do not correlate to speeds of propagations which are constant because of penetration of omnipresent photons.
Another energetic effect of photons is the well known redshift by scattering effects by collisions to molecules or any other particular matter. Observations are done by redshift of photons from sun in the morning and evening which are caused by a long pathway through atmosphere with high concentration of particular matter.
Not realized has been that the inner- and intergalactic clouds of molecules do same red-shift effect of photons from other stars or galaxies than red shift of photons from sun. This explains the correlation of red-shifts to distances of galaxies.
This is the only scientific explanation of the increase of red-shift by increasing distances. Of course the expansion of the universe is physically impossible and a magic dark energy does not exist.
New Physics/ SURe has knowledge about all reaction equilibria and structures since generation of electrons in universe:
Electron (e) + electron → electron-pair (2e)
Electron-pair (2e) + electron-pair → photon (4e)
Photon (4e) + electron → pion (5e)
Pion (5e) + photon (4e) → kaon (9e)
Kaon (9e) + electron → neutron (10e)
Neutron (10e) + photon (4e) → proton(13e) + electron
Proton + X photons → hydrogen atom
Hydogen atom + hydrogen atom → hydrogen molecule
Stars are generated within a surrounding of interstellar molecular clouds, which contain mainly hydrogen molecules.
Temperature of molecular clouds is between 10 and 20 K.
Clouds which have a dark shape hinder that light from stars penetrate the cloud, which is a strong indication that the cloud consists of water drops or ice particles.
The shape of clouds of gas molecules and clouds of liquid drops or ice particles are relative stable.
The local stability of a cloud shows that there has to be force which prevents that molecules don’t drive apart into space. This can be explained by an increased concentration of omnipresent photons, which stabilize the shape of the cloud by fluctuating bonding and decay reactions and connections of different hydrogen particles by chain structures.
There are also no indications that stars grow by collisions of small celestial bodies. Around generated stars there are clouds, by which it is impossible to observe generation.
The clouds disappear by time and the generated stars can be seen, which have already been ignited. The clouds probably disappear by heating from generated star.
Stars are generated by freezing of hydrogen clouds. It is well known hydrogen gas molecules condense to liquid water (drops) at about 21K and freeze at 14 K. Space has a temperature of about 2.7 K.
The freezing or crystallization to a solid occurs by statistical collisions of hydrogen particles, by which mostly bondings are built. Thus the growing of a solid hydrogen crystal is mostly done by collision and bondings. The process of freezing should be easy testable by low temperatures, low kinetic energies and if possible no gravitational force. It is well known that crystallization is preferably done on the largest body which is already frozen. The reason is that the vibration energies are lower. Thus a very large object can be generated by statistical collisions. Of course the concentration of the hydrogen cloud should not get lower. This is maintained by permanent bonding- and decay-interactions of hydrogen with omnipresent photons. This leads to an increased concentration of omnipresent photons and at the same time the maintaining of concentration of H2 molecules. Thus there is nearly no support of growing to a star by collisions of frozen large crystals.
New Physics/ SURe explains that freezing of hydrogen results to a very stable structure with proton-proton bondings. The generated hexagon structure is very stable and causes many specific characteristics of frozen hydrogen.
The generation of stars can well be tested by copy the freezing process of hydrogen by an adequate equipment, which can hold vacuum and cools down the temperature to 10K in vacuum and if possible creates weightlessness.
The main and most important rule of a natural science is that nothing in universe is done by magical forces, which means no impacts to an object are possible without touching an object.
Only by collisions energy can be transferred to an object by forces. Thus all current made-up fictive forces are magics but no science. The only force in universe may also sound magics, but it can be logically explained and this force is conform to all interactions in universe. (SURe-New Physics Vol. W, Weltformel).
Most forces, which are not seen by eyes, are done by collisions of omnipresent photons. In order that an object exerts gravitational forces it has to generate permanently high and consistent intensities of omnipresent photons. (SURe-New Physics Vol. G , Gravitation) This is only the case for celestial bodies like black holes, stars and planets and moons. This is not the case for smaller objects. Thus particles in a cloud do not exert a gravitational force. But omnipresent photons hold the particles of a cloud together.
Correct is that in center of stars stars like our sun a bonding of protons occur, which should not be called nuclear fusion because fusion gives the impression that there is heat. By logical laws of physics bondings generally require cold temperatures Otherwise the bondings would not be stable because of the strong amplitudes of vibrations. It is known by physicists that all particles do bondings below a specific temperature. The specific temperature is called freezing temperature. Freezing temperature of hydrogen is below 14 degrees. Thus hydrogen clearly freezes in space because space temperature is 2.7 K. Frozen structure of hydrogen is nearly the same as the frozen structure of H2O which is explained in P10.5.6. Freezing results to a net of hexagons and each hexagon consists of 6 triangles. Each side of triangles and hexagons is a linear proton - photon-chain -proton structure. Each edge of hexagons and triangles is a hexagon of direct proton bondings. This structure is very stable otherwise there would be additional proton-proton bondings.
The requirement for additional proton-proton bondings (= polymerization of protons or nucleation) is that there has to be a temperature which is low enough so that nucleation occurs and which is high enough that particles do movements with collisions which provide the activation energy for further nucleation. Nucleation is also supported by the high pressure.
The nucleation still has a very low reaction rate. This explains the known fact, that stars produce constant energy for a very long time.
Nucleation is a further polymerization reaction or protons after generation of the stable nucleation structure by freezing. For further nucleation an even colder temperature is needed, as the additional proton-proton bondings are less stable. But there are no differences in stability of additional bondings. This means these are independent from the number of already occurred bondings. This results to the fact that current theory of successive generation of nucleated products is impossible. There is no complete nucleation to helium before the next nucleation reaction starts and so on. That would be extremely unusual for a polymerization reaction.
In stars are always different grades of atomic nuclei at the same time, these are statistically distributed.
As high pressure favors nucleation so that in center of stars the nucleation has an increased rate.
The highly nucleated matter is called by SURe protonium. The other matter of stars can be called protonium - hydrogen mixture.
All relevant processes of energy generations in universe refer to decay of bound photon structures, mostly photon-chains.
Before this occurs there are some other reactions in stars. The first reaction is the additional nucleation of protons after freezing of hydrogen. By an additional proton-proton bonding the before bonded photon chain breaks off from each proton. The photon chains move towards the surface to lower concentration.
When photon chains collide to other photon chains they bind to longer photon chains so that, when surface is reached there are huge structures of proton chains, which are equivalent to magnetic fields. Directly below the surface the magnetic fields are stopped by the dense surface structure of frozen hydrogen which covers the surface of a star.
The magnetic fields gather below the membrane of frozen hydrogen and build-up pressure until the pressure is strong enough to break up the surface membrane. By this the magnetic fields burst out of the surface with very high kinetic energy. This is seen as huge flares. Smaller magnetic fields are emitted from surface by magnetic bubbles which cause the grain structure of surface of stars.
Together with the magnetic field also lots of protons are catapulted out of the surface. By collisions of protons to magnetic fields the photon-chains of magnetic fields decay to photons by accelerated chain reactions. Thus the ignition process normally occurs continuously. Later we will see some stars the ignition is done periodically.
Overall the specific structure of frozen hydrogen (flat tight net) causes the energy generation of sun. Otherwise the collision energies would not be high enough for decay of magnetic fields.
Another important knowledge is that heat generation occurs in atmosphere of sun and not in the center of sun, which would be physically impossible. The energy generation in the sun is a fatal error of interpretation, whereas the energy generation in the atmosphere is an unambiguous observation by measurements of physicists.
The heat generation of sun also verifies that magnetic fields consist of bound photons.
Comment: Synchrotron radiation is generated by collisions of protons or other particles to magnetic fields in particle accelerators. This is the only scientific explanation for synchrotron radiation and can easily verified by experiments.
The observed knowledge concerning supernovae is, that these are with high probability the reactions in universe with the highest energy generation per time. Supernovae lasts mostly about 2-3 weeks and after a rapid increase of energy generation there is often a plateau of less energy.
Following theories for supernova are not based on observations and are physically impossible: Collapse of matter, two different mechanisms, rotation increase of remaining star, remaining star being a neutron star or black hole, accretion of matter.
As in current physics energy generation is not understood, physicists worked out two theories, which are physically impossible. It has been stated that energy of supernova is generated by collapse of matter of stars, which occurs by less energy generation in center of stars accompanied by reduced pressure in center.
Correct is current knowledge which is gained by observations that energy generation is mostly accompanied by pressure increase. Despite of this knowledge the most important law of nature was not found: Energy is exclusively generated by a decay reactions of matter. Another rule of kinetics is that sudden generation of huge amounts of energy exclusively occur by self accelerated chain reactions. Self accelerated chain reactions are nearly always done by decay of bound photon structures to photons. Such reactions are not done and are not stopped in center of stars.
By SURe – New Physics there is just one possible explanation for supernova. A star can consist on 3 different matter. A supernova occurs, when the matter has been converted by reaction to structure 3):
1) After generation of a star it consists of frozen hydrogen, which is very stable
2) After lots of years the center of stars has been nucleated to > 90% protonium, which is very stable
3) After many more years the nucleation reaction is extended from center to surface area, so that there is no more stable frozen hydrogen, but a mixture of hydrogen and protonium, which is explosive, when there is a specific ratio. In addition protonium is only stable at a high pressure, which is still ensured by the layers of membranes around the surface. Exclusively small magnetic structures can diffuse through the membrane. Thus the protonium/frozen hydrogen mixture is ignited and explodes, when this membrane breaks and there is a sudden pressure release. This causes the decay of protonium to lots of broken parts of protonium, which are atomic nuclei. These are emitted with very high energy and distroy the complete membrane. There are further decays of atoms and of magnetic fields in the atmosphere by high energetic collisions.
The strongest energy generation occurs shortly after the explosion. After that the decay reaction of supernova works like a sparkler, which means the reaction occurs always because of the low pressure at the surface of the star and then extends to the inner region. When the reaction goes to the inner regions the surface area gets smaller but the concentration of the unstable protonium increases. This nearly causes a plateau of energy generation during several days.
It has already been mentioned that high concentrated protonium of nearly 100% is more stable than less concentrated protonium, because of the nearly perfect overlapping of all protons to minimum spin energy. Therefore the supernova reaction will end when it reaches such matter in the center of the star. The remaining star (remnant) has an extreme high density of mass which equals a nucleus. The remnant is currently called neutron star. But there is no mechanism to convert a star to a celestial body which consists of neutrons. It is known, that neutrons are not stable. On the other hand protonium is stable so that the term neutron star has to be changed to protonium star. Protonium is not generated by supernova, but already before in the star. It is just so stable that it doesn’t decay by supernova. Although neutron star is a confusing term, here it will still be called neutron star.
A neutron star can be generated as remnant, when supernova explosion occurs on a star with a high mass. Only by this the frozen hydrogen in center of a star has sufficient time to nucleate to nearly 100% protonium.
Without a high mass the star decays completely by supernova.
A2.6.5 is the first and only scientific generation of a neutron star. First thinking of SURe – New Physics was that protonium is so stable that a neutron star is a relevant celestial body in universe. But such celestial bodies have never been observed till now. Observation of neutron stars is very difficult as these do not emit relevant number of photons, thus these generate no light or heat. As gravitation is also exerted by emission of photons (low energetic omnipresent photons) neutron stars don’t exert gravitation. Therefore neutron stars are exclusively observable by their impacts of collisions, which should be extremely strong because of the high mass. But this was also never observed.
Another problem is that the universe would change because there is no nearly complete “recycling” of matter anymore by supernova.
Overall it is much more probable that neutron stars also decay to stable atoms by reactions with omnipresent photons. This is much slower than supernova but so fast that there is not a relevant number of neutron stars in universe.
A supernova is an explosion, by which matter of star is emitted to space. There is no matter which is emitted to the center of the exploding star. If the center of the star does not decay it remains with the same mass as before. There is no matter with a high rotation velocity which falls to the center and increases by this the rotation velocities of the “surviving” center. A pirouette effect by which the rotation velocity is increased, is physically impossible. .
The supernova is a decay reaction of protonium to all different atoms from hydrogen and helium up to atoms with highest mass. Before a supernova had occurred exclusively hydrogen has been generated in universe.
But also many molecules with low number of different atoms are generated by supernova and emitted like all atomic matter in space as huge clouds. Later the cloud or several clouds will generate a new sun system. As it can be estimated that a sun system consists of more than 95% hydrogen, the atomic cloud also contains this percentage of hydrogen.
The atomic particles of a supernova do not drift apart. As there are fluctuating bondings of omnipresent matter to the atomic matter and as there are lots of bonding and decay reactions of omnipresent photons, a huge loose bonded structure of high concentrated omnipresent matter is generated and holds also the atomic matter in this structure. As all bondings und decays are done in a plane the structure of omnipresent photons is a flat plane structure. By movement of this system through space a resistance on one side can occur by another cloud. This would cause a rotation of the cloud. When the atomic matter collides these mostly do bondings so that these can grow up to celestial bodies again. This is a slow process and should not be called gravitational collapse. It is a typical freezing or crystallization process under weightlessness, which can easily be studied. Much later collisions of small celestial bodies also contribute to growth of celestial bodies, but not necessarily.
After the generation of the center star by freezing, the exrted gravitation of the star and the rotation of the cloud causes that the atomic matter is separated by mass of particles. The planets are also mainly generated by collisions and bondings of little particles, which can also be called freezing or crystallization. The first bigger particles will cause that other particles will preferably crystallize to this particle, which results to a limitted number of planets around the center star.
As already mentioned the center star generates lots of photons, mainly in the atmosphere. By this there is heat emission and light emission. But there are also emissions of very low energetic photons. These are causing gravitation, which is explained in detail in volume G “Gravitation”.
A star should be called all celestial bodies, which generate light.
All stars have same characteristics in order to generate light: These are generated by freezing of hydrogen so that following reactions do still occur, which are required for light generation:
* Further nucleation of frozen hydrogen to protonium.
* By this photon chains decay from protons and diffuse to surface.
* On surface these are catapulted out by high pressure, which was generated under the surface membrane of frozen hydrogen.
* By collisions (mostly with protons) the photon chains do accelerated chain reactions and decay to photons
Different classification of stars refer to
* Age, which correlates to progress of nucleation
* Whether permanent, periodic or non-periodic light-emissions occur
Comments:
* Other observed differences correlate to distance and age,
* Size, mass and distance are no basic, but just individual differences.
All stars emit photons by same matter (magnetic fields) and by same process. Differences mainly occur by energy of collisions. Energy of collisions can be observed by the ratio of emitted gamma- to X-ray photons. This ratio should also change by age of star.
Emissions of low energetic photons is inaccurate, because of possible absorptions.
The emission of visible photons should not have relevant differences. Energies of emitted visible photons are always continuous.
Observed absorption lines refer to molecular clouds through which the emitted photons propagate. As these change by time absorption lines cannot used for classifications. The assignment to matter of sun is not possible. The assignment to molecules in molecular clouds is questionable, because of current wrong understanding of absorption and absorption spectra.
Currently temperatures are determined by the theory that these correlate to emissions of visible photons. This is far away from reality. Temperatures are generated exclusively by emissions of IR-photons. But even IR-photons are no heat but generate increased kinetic energies of omnipresent photons, which is the correct definition of heat.
Of course the surface temperatures of all stars are below 14 K. Otherwise stars would not exist.
In addition the emitted visible photons from stars do not have relevant differences. The differences of measured visible spectra are a result of scattering effects of molecular clouds. It is well known that visible photons from sun get a increased redshift by increased scattering effects on molecules and particle matter by propagation pathlength through atmosphere.
This effect is also the explanation for the correlation of visible spectra to distance and to the number of absorption lines.
Comment: Like for stars also for galaxies redshifts are mainly caused by scattering and thus by distance. Theories of expansion of universe and dark energy are physically impossible.
Overall temperature and visible spectrum can not be used for classifications of stars.
A white dwarf is a very old star, so that a high percentage of hydrogen is nucleated to protonium. By the condensing reaction of nucleation a white dwarf is a compact star with high density of mass. Nucleation is also the cause that a white dwarf is a small star. As the possibilities for further nucleation reactions are reduces by age, white dwarfs emit less photons.
Because of age and high degree of nucleation, white dwarfs have a high potential for the initiation of a supernova reaction. A mass increase is not needed for initiation of supernova, but the same sudden pressure release as described earlier.
White dwarfs can only be seen, when these have a relative near distance, therefore these appear white.
Currently a lot of science fiction has been made up to describe white dwarfs and “degenerate matter”.
A star with a high mass can convert by nucleation to a giant star although generally there is a contraction of volume by nucleation. This is caused by the long duration which emitted photon-chains need to diffuse to the surface. By this these can bind to many other photon-chains to huge magnetic field lines. Contrary to smaller magnetic fields like in stars with lower mass the larger some magnetic fields do not have the capability to move through the surface membrane of the star. Therfore these magnetic structures are completely stopped by the membrane. The membrane is extended by additional frozen hydrogen so that the star slowly gets bigger. The giant star grows until the pressure is so high that the membrane breaks. By the pressure release the partly nucleated matter of star is initiated to an explosion(= uncontrollable accelerated breaking of bondings).
The increase of diameter of a star is much smaller than currently stated.
Different colors do not refer to the star. But different luminescence values might show different grades of density of membrane and by this different diffusion rates of magnetic fields.
Of course also normal stats can be very large and it can’t be differentiated to a giant star by internal pressure increase.
A pulsar is a pulsating source of radio emission. This description is reality. But in current physics there are other statements, which are physical nonsense:
Theory: A pulsar is a neutron star.
SURe: A neutron star is not capable to emit radiation. A pulsar mostly is a white dwarf.
Theory: Pulsars can do fast rotations in range of few milliseconds. Rotation is highly increased by supernova.
SURe: Supernova is an explosion reaction, which does not transfer any rotation energy to remnant by the so called pirouette effect. There are no fast rotations of celestial bodies because the required energy cannot be transferred to a star and thus fast rotations are physically impossible. The estimated highest rotation frequency of a star is 1/3 hours.
Theory: There is highly focused synchrotron radiation.
SURe: Highly focused radiation cannot be generated by nature. Synchrotron radiation is completely misunderstood in physics. Acceleration does not cause emission of photons.
Theory: Pulses occur by self rotation of pulsars and permanent emission of photons near rotation axis focused by magnetic field lines which exit near axis.
SURe: It is physically impossible that emissions of photons by a celestial body have a relevant influence by rotation axis. In addition the apparent area of focused emission is so near to rotation axis that a pulsing would not be observable by rotation. In addition photons are not emitted out of stars but just photon-chains, which have to be ignited. By decay of the photon chains these have an impuls to outside area but in a wide range of angles, which can’t be focused.
Scientific explanation of low frequent pulsing: In a white dwarf only small amounts of photon chains are generated. Therefore occur only few eruptions of magnetic matter which are ignited. The eruption frequency depends on generation rate of photon chains and pressure which causes rupture of surface membrane. The process is the same as for a geyser.
Scientific explanation of frequent pulsing:
By a white dwarf or another star which generates more photon chains there occur a steady bubbling effect on the surface. The steady bubbling can be detected by radio-detectors as pulsing. So its just a measurement effect. Till now radio-signals and their measurements have not been understood.
Overall the pulsed light generation by rotation of a celestial body with an extremely focused beam which hits the earth is one of the most anti-scientific theories of physics.
It is correct that magnetic fields around celestial bodies are created by rotation of a celestial body (SURe Vol M = Magnetism). The magnetic strength correlates to rotation velocity.
But as stars and particularly magnetars do not have extreme high rotation velocities there are no celestial bodies with extraordinaire high magnetic forces.
If there would be high rotation velocities the magnetic strength would not be so strong, that it focuses a beam of photons. Physicist know that magnetic fields have very little influence to photons.
Currently physicists have no understanding of magnetism. Again magnetism is explained as magic force which can do interactions which are physically impossible.
Magnetars and their magnetic fields have never been observed or measured.
In 1979 high energetic generation of gamma- ray burst have been observed which were stated to be caused by magnetars. There are extremely anti-scientific theories for the statement that gamma ray bursts are generated by magnetars.
The term quasars is derived by “quasi stellar radio source”. In reality these are normal galaxies which appear as a single light source because of the distance.
Currently a quasar is described as is an extremely luminous active galactic nucleus. Correct description is that the “nucleus” of a galaxy is always an ultra-massive black hole.
Quasar, active galactic nucleus and galaxy are redundant terms and it makes sense to use just the usual term, which is galaxy. It is normality that some galaxies are larger than others, but in principle these have no relevant differences.
Typical for radiation of far distant galaxies are radio radiation and high energetic photon radiation like x-ray- and gamma-photons. The reason for this is that these particles have the highest capability for penetration. It is stated that quasars = far distant galaxies have a high luminosity. But when you know that the measured gamma- photons and radio-radiation (electron-pairs) are emitted by about several 100 billions stars, then the measured luminosity might become normal.
Before a galaxy is generated there has to be a super-massive black hole. Super-massive black holes are the most important but also simplest celestial bodies and are generated within much less than one year after generation of matter in universe. Black holes are frozen photons and by this consists of the most dense matter in the in the universe. The freezing point of photons is exactly 2.73 K. Thus black holes are the reason, why the universe ist stabilized at 2.73 K. If it would get colder, more photons get frozen by which heat is generated and if it gets warmer photons are evaporated, by which heat is consumed. This is the same for phase transtions as of all particles.
Around a supermassive black hole there is the so called galactic bulge which consists of many billions stars and other celestial bodies in relative small space of a hollow sphere. There are no gases and there is no accretion disk around the black hole. Between black hole and galactical bulge is no celestial body at all. An accretion disk is physically impossible and has never been observed. The disc of the spiral arms might give the impression of an accretion disk.
Contrary to theory a black hole is extremely inactive. Any severe energetic activity would be a desaster because this would change gravity of the complete galaxy. In next chapter it will be shown that there is even a protection against collisions of other stars in order to ensure stable gravitation in galaxy.
The most important observation is, that all celestial bodies don’t move straight but are deflected so that these do orbit movements around other celestial bodies. Physicist know that all deflections need a force otherwise there would be exclusively straight movements in universe. The only physically possible explanation for forces is that collisions by other objects occur, so that celestial bodies are deflected. All other explanations like a magic force which does attraction is magic, which means physically impossible science fiction. Before 1900 nearly all physicists were aware that there must be an omnipresent matter (ether) in space to explain many interactions in universe. But unfortunately one single scientist turned physical science to science fiction and made up theories which worked by magics instead of physics. By this the omnipresent matter was abandoned.
In SURe- New Physics around 2014 the omnipresent matter (meanwhile called dark matter) could be defined to be photons. Photons are the only particles which fulfill the requirements for an omnipresent matter. Photons have by far the highest stability of all particles in universe. In the volume of one atom there are millions of omnipresent photons. This number is not only in vacuum of space but also in atomic matter. This explains that the force by collisions can deflect celestial bodies.
The problem of SURe- New Physics was, that first the theory was derived, that collisions lead to repulsion. The Reality is that this only the case for collision with subsequent reflections of collided particles. By collisions of photons to atomic matter bonding occurs which cause attraction. Thus atomic matter is attracted to positions of highest overlapping with photons which is to the direction of highest concentration of photons. This is conform to first Fundamental Law of Nature.
This implies that photons must have a concentration gradient to exert gravitation. This results to the fact, that a celestial body which exerts gravitation must continuously generate photons to maintain a continuous gradient of photon density. This has already been explained for stars. But nearly the same mechanism is done by planets and moons. In following chapter photon generation is explained for a black hole.
A Black hole has following mechanism: A black hole absorbs all received radiation. Mostly it is emitted from stars of galactic bulge. The sum of radiation of several hundred billions of stars is nearly constant, also when one supernova occurs. By absorbing high energetic photons surrounding photons increase their vibration energy and some will decay by too strong vibrations. These are emitted out of the black hole. The free bonding options will be replaced by surrounded cold omnipresent photons from space. Overall there is a photon exchange without a net energy effect. The black hole emits photons with higher energy than surrounded photons. These will be aligned to average energy of omnipresent photons after some time. Before the higher energetic photons penetrate omnipresent photons. Thus the black hole generates “anti-gravitation” in the near surrounding. This is important to prevent collisions by stars, which would have an impact to generation of photons.
Increased concentration of omnipresent photons and by this relevant gravitation starts at the hallow sphere of the galactic bulge. This is the first and only explanation that there is a hollow sphere of very dense celestial bodies. In order to do stable orbit movements celestial bodies need a gravitational force. All celestial bodies which do a very slow movement can do orbit movements in this region. As the gravitational force rapidly increases there are also lots of stars which do higher movements. Overall the galactic bulge represents a relative small region, where stars with a wide range of different velocities can do orbit movements because of a wide range of gravitation.
The decreasing velocities by decreasing distance to black hole have been well observed by physicists. And physicist know well that gravitation is decreasing by decreasing velocities. Physicist have even made a diagram of this finding. Despite of this they ignore physical research and prefer to believe in not observed science fiction. Thus they mention the unusual behavior that for far distant stars there is just a much smaller decrease of velocities by distance than expected by gravitational force but they ignore the much more unusual observation that the velocities decrease by decreasing distance. They made up a theory that there is an extreme high gravitation in the surrounding of black holes and stubbornly stick to this theory and by this make the valuable research work of physicists worthless.
But there is also an explanation of this, because this is caused by a general characteristics of mankind. People and in particular media want to describe a new detection as exciting and crazy as possible. Nobody is interesting in a research findings of a black hole as very simple star without any crazy activities. But describing it by extreme high gravitation, “so that even radiation cannot escape” and “extreme cannibalistic by extermination of other celestial bodies”. This sounds much more interesting and is nearly continuously presented in “scientific” reports on TV. It would have been a bit different if the first detection of anti-gravitation would have been published as real possible and explainable finding.
The real explanation of gravitation explains all other observations which are not conform to observations like the nearly stable orbit velocities in outer region of galaxy.
Current explanation by the additional mass of dark matter has already been falsified by many non-conformities to observations. Details are presented in SURe- New Physics Vol. G = Gravitation.
The emitted photons by black hole prefer mostly linear structures, after that planar structures and finally 3-dimensional structures. Reason for this is the increased stability by vibrations to one direction. Therefore after emission of photons to all directions these first bind to 3-dimensional structures. When the concentration gets lower than they bind to plane structures, which have in addition linear structures with much higher concentration. The linear structures are curved to outer sides because of the rotation.
One explanation is the preference of photons to bind to linear structures. But structures of photons are not visible by eyes.
The explanation of visible spiral arms is that celestial bodies prefer higher concentrations of spiral arms because of the increased reduction of spin energies. But celestial bodies have to do orbit movements, so that these can’t stay in this area.
Physical scientists have already found out that in the spiral arms of spiral galaxies the velocities of orbiting stars become slower during transversal of a spiral arm. By this the density of stars is increased in this region. But an explanation has to be complete. It has to be explained why the velocities reduce and later are accelerated again.
By SURe – New Physics there are two phenomenons which explain different velocities during orbiting:
1. There is an additional acceleration to the area of higher photon density by gravitation. So before entering the high concentration area stars are accelerated and in the area they are decelerated again. The same occurs when stars leave the area of high concentration: before there is deceleration and after leaving there is an acceleration to normal velocity. But also during the paths through increased photon concentration there should be normal velocity because there is no additional gravitational force by density gradient. Thus there must be another explanation for the observation of scientists.
2. There is a very important phenomenon in physics: it is the speed reduction by penetration. So it is the same effect by which the stable light velocity, which is independent from kinetic energies of photons is explained. By the higher concentration of omnipresent photons the orbiting velocity is reduced and by leaving the orbit velocity is increased again. This occurs also for light velocity. Physicists already know that light velocity is exclusively stable by same concentration of penetrated particles. In atmosphere, water or glass it is significantly reduced by increased penetration.
By physical laws of forces, which have been derived already by Newton, all orbital movements have to be exactly circular. Thus physicists should have done research for the many cases where this is not observed. Anti-physics is to ignore laws of forces and make-up the theory that orbits are generally elliptical without any explanation.
The only scientific explanation is that orbiting velocities are changed by different concentration of omnipresent photons. By changed velocity also the distance to gravitational source changes. This explains why all orbits which cross the plane of the sun system are not circular. In the plane of the sun system there is an increased concentration of omnipresent photons.
There is not any observation and not any physical possible explanation of a galactic jet. Why is a galactic jet visible from the side. It is physically impossible that emitted photons can be detected by any angle which is different from direction of velocity.
All pictures which show apparent galactic jets are clearly pictures from galaxies, in which some external stars which are far away from galaxy are arranged in a row. This is nothing unusual because of the preference of omnipresent matter to bind to straight rows.
A celestial body which has been catapulted out of a galaxy might also decay on his way and by this build crystallization nuclei for generation of new stars.
Explanation by SURe. Hypotheses of modern physics:
1. In a molecular cloud there is a hydrostatic equilibrium which is a balance between kinetic energy of the gas particles (pressure) and the potential gravitational energy of gas particles.
2. The cloud expands when the kinetic energy is stronger than the potential gravitational energy and the molecular cloud collapses and forms a star when the kinetic energy gets smaller than the potential gravitational energy.
3. Kinetic energy of particles is determined by temperature.
4. When the cloud cools down the kinetic energy of particles will get below the potential gravitational energy, which leads to a gravitational collapse and by this to generation of a star.
5. The process of gravitational collapse is also used to explain the collapse of a star at a supernova.
New Physics/ SURe:
1. New Physics/ SURe has shown in Vol.2 that all particles and bodies have three masses , which are completely different: inertial mass, exerting gravitational mass and experiencing gravitational mass. Relevant exerting gravitational mass have exclusively large bodies like celestial bodies. Therefore there are not any gravitational force between particles of a cloud. There are not any attractive forces between particles in universe.
As it is expressed by the term “potential”, a gravitational energy does not exist. Not any physical unit (PU) can be characterized by a potential gravitational energy (= no intrinsic property). The interactions of all particles and bodies in universe are exclusively determined by their kinetic energy.
2. All observations show: Clouds (=random moving particles) always expand. The only possibility to stop expansion of clouds is that particles of cloud do bonding reactions like condensation or freezing. So if a collapse of a cloud is observed it is always due to a bonding reaction and mostly by a simple condensation or freezing like it is observed for star generation.
3.This hypothesis is not correct (see Vol.5). But this error is not relevant in this case.
4. All bonding reactions in universe like nuclear fusion, freezing, condensation require low temperatures (kinetic energies). So it is correct that generation of stars require low temperatire (low kinetic energies). Cooling down leads to freezing or condensation and not to gravitational collapse. This can be verified by experiments (just a little joke).
5. Supernova is no collapse but a kind of explosion which is the contrary of a collapse.
The extreme high amounts of kinetic energy, which are observed by supernovae cannot be generated by a gravitational process, which can easily be shown by calculations. New Physics/ SURe shows that the energy of supernova is generated by well defined reactions (see 4.3).
Additional clarification:
The poor understanding of physics concerning forces can also be shown by the fact that most physicists have a wrong understanding of „radiation pressure“, which is used to explain observations in cosmos: It is postulated that the pressure by reflected radiation is twice as strong as the pressure by absorbed radiation.. (Ref: search under ”radiation pressure”).
New Physics/ SURe: Pressure is an effect of collision energy and thus independent from processes, which occur after collision like absorption, reflection or decay reaction (see Vol.5).
Observations:
Earth and with high probability all other planets generate heat in core.
Current hypotheses:
Heat of earth is generated by radioactive decay reactions.
But: There are no hypotheses for the observed generation of heat in gas planets.
New Physics/ SURe:
Radioactive decays are decay reactions by which internal bondings break. By this electrons, electron-pairs, high energetic photons, alpha-particle, neutrons and protons can be generated as decay products. But for heat generation IR-photons have to be generated, which has never been observed. Mostly IR- photons are even bonded at the new bonding options which were broken. Thus radioactive decays generate kinetic energy but consume heat. In some cases the emitted particles like neutrons collide to atoms, by which heat is generated. This indirect heat generation is used in nuclear plants.
SURe is that the same reactions, which occur in core of stars occur also in planets. Nucleation reactions by which photon chains are emitted. The difference is that in planets which consists of heavy atoms collisions of photon-chains occur, by which photon-chains already decay in core of planets to single IR-photons instead of in the atmosphere. In stars and hydrogen planets nearly all photon-chains are emitted out of the surface. This explains for example that the surface of Jupiter looks similar to surface of sun concerning eruptions. In relative small planets the “short” emitted magnetic fields have not the chance to combine to the huge structures which are emitted on sun. By collisions to protons the decays of magnetic fields are activated in the atmosphere, so that heat is generated in the atmosphere.
It is essential for living beings that the sun and earth has nearly stable average temperature which means emit on average nearly same heat (=IR-RNs).
Current hypotheses:
Heat is generated by nuclear fusion reactions in stars.
Heat accelerates nuclear fusion reactions.
Comment:
If the hypotheses of physicists would be reality, there would be no stars, because these consists of frozen hydrogen.
New Physics/ SURe presents many other examples of antiscientific hypotheses.
All people are aware of phase transition reactions which are freezing/melting and codensation/evaporation. It is strange that no scientist seems to be interested in the explanation of an extremely unusual phenomenon, which is observed by phase transitions. This phenomenon is the control of temperature at a specific value. This is strange because nearly all reactions are either exothermic or endothermic.
New Physics/ SURe:
Heat generation is equivalent to emission of IR-RNs, which is a decay reaction. IR-RNs are always emitted when internal bondings are generated, which is the case for nuclear fusion. If this decay reaction (emission of IR.RNs) is regarded as part of fusion reaction, the hypothesis is reality.
Heat causes that the equilibrium of fusion reaction goes to the side of deducts. This means nuclear fusion reactions are strongly suppressed by heat generation. This is verified by the observation that most nuclear fusion reactions require temperatures far below zero degrees Celsius.
Overall: Reactions which generate heat are suppressed by heat. Reactions which consume heat (= absorb IR- RNs)
are accelerated by heat. This is a scientific principle which already was defined in 1880s and is called Le Chatelier’s principle or law of equilibrium. This law is also valid for pressure.
The law has just been derived by observations without explanations. New Physics/ SURe has the first and only scientifically sound explanation for this scientific principle which can be derived by Universal Principles.
Up to now it has not been realized that this principle also explains phase transitions. For example freezing is a bonding reaction by which IR-RNs are emitted, which means heat is generated. The reaction is suppressed by heat which results that the reaction runs at a specific temperature until it is “complete”.
Of course this principle explains also temperature control in living bodies. This is just one of uncountable examples which show that Universal Principles are the basic rules for all natural sciences.
Background
Temperature is currently strongly misunderstood by physics. Temperature is a property which describes the
heat of matter. Currently physicists assume that heat (temperature) correlates with average kinetic energy of particles. This hypothesis can easily be falsified: A white wall which emits high intensities of visible light and no IR radiation is cold. A black wall which emits same intensities of radiation, but as lower energetic IR-radiation and no visible radiation is hot.
Currently complete energetic range of radiation intensities is used to define temperatures. Correct would be to correlate exclusively the IR-radiation to temperature data. This is correctly done by known measurement techniques on earth. Also measurements based on thermal expansion of matter get correct correlations to temperature, because IR-RNs cause an increased absorption equilibrium of RNs and absorption is equivalent to expansion.
If concentration of all emitted RNs of stars are measured these values are no temperatures but have to get a different term like “intensity of radiation”. If different energies (=frequencies) are measured separately then the sum of radiation energy can be calculated und used as property. Also the maximum of radiation energy (frequency) can be used as useful property. All published core temperatures of celestial bodies are based on irrealistic hypotheses.
The complexity of radiation is increased by the fact that there are not only emitted RNs but additional emitted particles like electrons, protons and atoms. But these particles are only relevant for emissions of sun.
As already mentioned in the core of stars there is a continuous generation of neutronium by nuclear fusion, which requires a specific temperature which depends on pressure. Nuclear fusion reaction occur coincidentally to a decay reaction of crystallized hydrogen by which low energetic RNs are generated. RNs are mainly in range of infrared (heat). RNs are conducted to the surface and emitted. By this there is a significant increase of temperature from core to surface. All currently postulated temperatures in cosmos are based on a wrong understanding of temperature (see Vol 5) and wrong understanding of reactions.
Besides IR-RNs the chains of inneratomic electric fields are released from atoms and travel to surface. On there way these combine to large magnetic fields which are also emitted on surface of sun. By increasing size of structures which end with electrons or protons their emissions are hindered. Small sized chains leave the sun without probems;medium sized chains need an increase of internal pressure which means theses have form groups of chains until the pressure of the group is adequate to drift to the surface. These groups leave the sun by formation of observable bubbles which are equally distributed over the surface of sun and explain the grainy appearance of surface. The largest structures need even higher pressure so that these are collected to huge volumes until these break off the surface and burst out into space. These eruptions of magnetic fields are observed as dark spots on the surface of the sun.This observations does not allow any conclusions about temperature, but just that emission of visible light is lower at locations of magnetic eruptions. Real surface temperatures can be determined by calibration. It can be assumed that there is no relevant difference between temperatures in core and on surface.
The generation of magnetic fields is enhanced by the normal generation process of magnetic fields by rotation of sun.
Flares, prominence eruptions and coronal mass ejections are high intensities of emissions of magnetic BN- structures. Magnetic fields do bondings to protons, electrons and ordinary atoms. By this a lot of ordinary matter is also spread into space. By collisions of high energetic ONs or electrons to ordinary matter (protons, neutrons, atoms) decay reactions occur which generate RNs up to gamma rays. Complete high energetic radiation of sun including visible and UV is generated in atmosphere of sun. This explains why the temperature of the corona is apparently higher than the temperature on surface of sun. The currently published temperatures of corona don't make much sense, as these describe average kinetic energy and not heat. The fact that the corona is visible during total eclipse of the sun is another proof that radiation is generated in corona. Otherwise all radiation would go straight from sun surface to observer. Even most of the radiation of corona goes to the direction of movement of corona, so only relative low energetic radiation is emitted to other directions.
Hypothesis by modern physics:
Radiation energy always decreases by collisions.
In core of sun gamma-rays are generated by fusion reactions.
The observed spectrum from sun is due to decrease of high energetic radiation in core, which reduces to lower energies by collisions when traveling from core to surface of sun.
Radiation of sun is a typical black body radiation.
New Physics/ SURe:
Radiation energy can decrease, increase or stay constant by collisions according to the generally accepted rules of elatic collisions. Besides elastic collisions there are inelastic collisions either by particles with very high kinetic energy like gamma rays or with particles which are absorbed like UV/vis radiation.
Radiation energy is vibration energy of RNs. RNs do reactions according to Universal Principles like all other particles in the universe: By collisions of RNs the vibration energies of collided e are merged (added) by bonding reaction and by decay the merged vibration energy of broken FP-FP bonding is transferred 50:50 to both e of decay products. This process is called elastic collision. For centered collision of RNs this means the kinetic energy of the particle with higher energy transfers the increased energy to the particle with lower kinetic energy. This is verified by many observations of particles and of bodies.
In core of sun by nuclear fusion of hydrogen low energetic radiation up to visible RNs are generated. If high energetic gamma-RNs would be generated, these would propagate through sun with nearly speed of light. This has been verified by physicists by the observation that high energetic RNs travel through earth nearly without reduction of kinetic energy and without reduction of speed.
All RNs are generated there is a fusion reaction of hydrogen to neutronium. Before the fusion reaction can occur a decay reaction of hydrogen occurs. By atomic decay reactions the chains of muon-neutrinos between nuclei and atomic electrons are emitted. These RNs are always low energetic RNs in IR – and microwave range. Overall nuclear fusion reactions always consume kinetic energy.
RNs do reactions reactions by collision according to CBD-mechanism. In matter which is not translucent visible light is bound (absorbed). From gas planets it is known that these are not translucent. Therefore also the sun should not be translucent and there are no indications for this. Therefore the emission of light on surface of sun which is originated in core is not possible. It is well known that low energetic IR-RNs and micro-RNs travel through ordinary matter (= heat conduction). New Physics shows that heat conduction is a absorption - desorption process of IR-RNs. by CBD-mechanism The atomic chain structures of neutrinos decay only partly to single RNs. Partly these combine during the travel to surface to large magnetic fields. This explains the observations of eruptions of flares, which are magnetic fields (=chain-structures of BNs) on surface of sun. End particles of the chain structures of magnetic fields are electrons and protons. This explains that the erupted flares contain high numbers of protons and electrons/positrons.
All high energetic radiations (from visible RNs up to gamma - RNs) are generated in atmosphere of sun by high energetic collisions of magnetic fields to single particles. (according to CBD mechanism)
Radiation of sun has significant differences to “real“ black body radiation. (see4.1.11). Radiation of sun is the sum of low energetic radiation from core of sun, and of radiation, which is generated in atmosphere of sun, which is nearly black body radiation. Therefore the sun generates more IR-radiation than predicted by black-body radiation.
All stars emit radiation within a more or less broad range of continuous energies. Spectra like this are also observed by hot matter and is called black body radiation. Black body radiation does not need black bodies and does not depend of type of matter. Tungsten (light bulb) or a halogen bulb for example emit radiation of a broad range of non-discrete energies. Current postulate that black body radiation depends on temperature is a misunderstanding of cause and effect. Temperature (IR-radiation) is a part of black-body radiation and no cause.
Radiation is always generated by reactions. The origin of black-body radiation is a two step process:
Generation of RNs by collisions to atoms and decay of atoms.
Generation of RNs by collisions of generated RNs and other decay from reaction 1.) to ONs.
Energy of generated RNs depend on collision energy (kinetic energy of colliding particles) . Kinetic energies are various and continuous. There is no scientific reasoning for any quantization of kinetic energy and by this discrete energy levels. The distribution of intensities per energy of black body radiation has a Gaussian form which can easily be verified by measurements.
The conclusion is that assignments of emitted radiation from stars to specific atoms and molecules is not possible.
The postulated specific emission lines of atoms and molecules are not observed. Hydrogen on surface of stars should be “highly excited” and should show the postulated emission energies as it is the case for induced emissions of radiation of hydrogen in experiments. The emission lines of hydrogen would strongly dominate the emission spectrum. But this is not the case.
The spectrum of sun has no ideal form and verifies that there are two different sources of black body radiation.
Absorption lines are specific energy levels of radiation energy, where there is nearly no intensity of emitted radiation. This means that RNs with specific kinetic energy cause an inelastic collision, which results in a reaction by which different particles are generated. The absorbed energy is called activation energy. This means in nearly all cases that there is no absorption but a reaction of an RN with an absorption as first step. Absorption reaction is equivalent to a bonding reaction. Missing energy in spectra clearly show that a bonding reaction always consumes kinetic energy, which verifies New Physics/ SURe. Reactions of RNs can only occur after emission of RNs. Therefore specific absorption lines refer to specific atomic matter between star and earth, which are mostly hydrogen atoms and molecules. As absorption lines refer to activation energies these have little to do with emission lines. Emission lines are normally different from absorption lines. Most observed absorption lineshave not been assigned to a specific type of matter. There is a fatal misunderstanding of redshifts of absorption lines. These just show velocity of absorbing matter relative to emitted radiation of star.
Current hypotheses:
Observed redshifts or blueshifts of stars are due to relative velocities of stars to earth.
New Physics/ SURe:
Shifts of radiation energy is caused by various effects. (see separate chapter of Vol.4). The shift by relative velocities is just a minor relevant effect, which is observed at double star systems and is called optical Doppler shift. Current explanation of optical Doppler shift of radiation has no scientific basis and can easily be falsified (see Vol. 7). New Physics/ SURe explains all shifts or energies of RNs like redshifts by classical rules of collisions.
The main cause for redshifts of emitted radiation are collisions against particles in space as mentioned in 4.1.11.
Verifications:
Doppler red shifts are independent from level of radiation energy and affects all energies. Therefore for optical Doppler shifts you observe complete spectrum with shifted maximum. Observed spectra of stars often have no complete range of visible radiation. Class O stars have nearly no low energetic visible radiation, whereas class M stars have nearly no high energetic visible radiation.
Doppler shift by glassical Observed shifts 1. As mentioned in 4.6.1 gamma rays would travel fast if there would be gamma-rays. Because of higher kinetic energy gamma rays even travel faster than speed of light, which has been verified by OPERA experiment. But it has to be mentioned that speed of radiation does not mean that the ONs particle which starts traveling by emission travels till the end of the journey. Radiation travels always in form of a real race. Each single ONs particle runs just a short way. The run length of a ONs-particle from collision to collision is the origin of coherence length.
2. Traveling neutrinos are equivalent to radiation. If physicists would have measured the energies of neutrinos, which they identify as neutrinos, they would realize that the observed neutrinos are gamma rays.
collisions. Therefore for these stars the real surface temperature cannot be specified. It can be assumed that all stars have the same surface temperature, which refers to the equilibrium temperature of proton decay reaction, which is about 5,000 K.
Physicists postulate loss of radiation energy by collisions in stars and at the same time physicists state that the observed redshift of radiation of stars which is equivalent to loss of radiation energy can’t be caused by collisions to particles which are present all over space as dust clouds, nebulae and of course ONs. But physicists are right when they state that both cases are not comparable.
The reality is that gamma-rays in core of stars collide with matter which is not movable and therefore cannot take up kinetic energy from gamma-rays, whereas RNs in space collide to movable matter which take up the kinetic energy of radiation. The result is the opposite of that what is postulated by physicists: Radiation in matter (of stars) does not lose energy by collisions whereas radiation in space does lose energy by collisions. The reality is well observed by radiation in glass fiber cables, which show nearly no reduction of energy. On the other hand it is observed that radiation of sun is significantly reduced by collisions to free moving particles (see 4.1.13 and 4.1.14.) This changes by increasing travel distance. This means there is a significant reduction of radiation energy by increasing distance of stars.
Overall stars which are small and which have relative small radiation intensity experience stronger reduction of radiation energy than stars with large size and radiation intensities. This is verified by observations (see below).
Current Inconsistency:
According to current hypotheses of stellar energy generation by nuclear fusion in core of stars the emitted radiation energy of stars should decrease by size and mass of stars due to higher number of collisions of radiations. By this hypothesis stars with high mass and size should appear red and stars with low masses should appear blue. But it is the other way round. Of course this blatant inconsistency is not communicated.
Observations:
Radiation energies of stars differ, which can be observed by color and spectral analysis. Stars have been classified by different radiation energies by following main classes which are listed with decreasing energies and decreasing intensities of main regions of emission (by this the appearance go from blue over yellow to red). In addition postulated average temperature and postulated average mass is listed.
Class---Kelvin---mass as sun masses
O-------40,000---60-------blue
B-------25,000---18-------blue-white
A--------8,000----3.2------white
F --------6,500----1.7------yellow-white
G--------5,500----1,1------yellow
K--------4,000----0.8------red-yellow
M--------2,700---0.3-------red
Every scientist knows that the red-shift of radiation from sun in the morning and in the evening is a result of increased number of collisions to particles in atmosphere.
The same is valid for red- shifts of other stars. Radiation energies of stars are generally reduced by number of collisions. For stars of nearly same size and mass res-shifts therefore depend on distance.
Physicists assume that colors are due to radiation energy and assume that radiation energy correlates with temperature. With these two assumption they explain different colors by different temperatures. So there is not any scientific basis for there explanation. A hypothesis can’t be verified by a hypothesis.
New Physics / SURe:
There is no relevant difference concerning emitted radiation of stars. Red-shifts by Doppler shift do not explain that there are completely missing ranges of radiation energy. So different colors are not caused by Doppler shift.
Spectra show that class O and B stars have no low energetic radiation, which means based on spectra the temperatures of O and B stars are nearly zero. As this would be illogical it can be concluded that class O and B stars also emit IR-radiation and that this IR-radiation is eliminated by propagation of radiation. New Physics/ SURe explains this by a merging effect of radiation energy because RNs with high energy move faster than RNs with low energies. By this the parts of energy can be transferred from high energetic RNs to low energetic RNs. Therefore over a long travel distance low energetic RNs are eliminated.
Another effect is that collisions of RNs to ONs have a much stronger energetic reduction effect at the edge of a beam. In the center energy reductions by collisions are partly compensated by additional collisions which increase kinetic energy again. By this the reduction of energy is increased for stars with reduced size and reduced mass. This is the scientifically sound explanation that small stars lose more energy than large stars.
Main energy of stars is generated in atmosphere of stars by collisions of emitted particles from core of stars. Radiation of stars is always due to same reactions which are decay reaction of atomic matter. But this is just the first step. The even more important step are collisions of decay particles to ONs, which accelerate ONs to various velocities and generates the continuous spectra of radiation (=RNs). Therefore there is not any reasoning for any relevant difference of emitted radiation by different stars.
It is well known that changes of climate on earth have occurred since generation of earth. There is no scientifically sound explanation for these climate changes. Climate changes are due to differences of IR-radiation from surface of sun. IR-RNs interact with magnetic fields and are deflected like charged particles in direction of magnetic fields. The difference to charged particles is that there is no preferred direction of deflection concerning parallel or anti-parallel. But the result is that IR-radiation is much stronger on poles of sun than an equator of sun. As the rotation axis relative to earth has a long-term periodic variance the received IR-radiation (heat) from sun also has a long-term variance. This can be verified by historic data.
Observations:
Nearly every ordinary star slowly converts to a giant star. During conversion the temperature of the surface decreases and the intensity of radiation strongly increases.
Postulates of modern physics:
Currently there is no postulated mechanism for the expansion. But it is postulated that the expansion has something to do with the nuclear fusion process of hydrogen to helium which goes from center to the surface area of stars.
Falsifications of postulates:
As there are no fusion reactions there is no extension of fusion reactions to surface region. Even if there would be a fusion reaction this would not explain the expansion of stars to a giant star. According to current hypotheses nuclear fusion reactions do not emit particles, because there is just a bonding reaction. Less particles cause less volume and not increased volume.
Another falsification is the inconsistency that according to current hypothesis the frequency of radiation should strongly go to increased frequencies when the fusion reactions are transferred to outer shells of the star and the gamma ray photons have much less chances to reduce their frequencies by collisions,
Reactions in shells are not conform to scientific principles of reactions.
There are uncountable inconsistencies concerning the subsequent supernova explosion.
New Physics/ SURe:
The expansion of ordinary stars can exclusively be explained by New Physics although not all is 100% sure. Overall the explanation is an impressive verification of New Physics/ SURe.
The generation of neutronium can be regarded as crystallization reaction of neutrons. It is known from all other crystallization reactions that the crystallization rate increases by size of crystal. This can be explained by increase of number of collisions against the crystal because of increased size. This is explained in Vol.5. So it can be assumed that when neutronium concentration approaches 100% there is an increased rate of generation of neutronium and an increased rate of atomic decay reaction to low energetic RNs. This explains the observed increase of radiation intensities and the same time a stronger contribution of low energetic radiation (shift to lower energies). At the same time the formation of magnetic fields by low energetic neutrinos is increased. By the increased sizes of magnetic fields these are hindered to travel to the surface of the star and cause the observed expansion.
Enrichment of magnetic and/or electric fields are the only possible explanation for strong expansion without getting high amounts of matter from external sources.
Cepheid Variables are giant stars which pulsate by light intensity (brightness), by size and by surface temperature. The time period and amplitude of pulsation are very stable and range between different stars from 1 to 130 days. Current postulated mechanism for pulsation is called kappa-mechanism. The postulated kappa-mechanism is inconsistent and not conform to scientific principles. New Physics/ SURe presents the real mechanism of pulsation, which in principle is nothing new:
- In the core of ordinary stars, there is a build up of pressure by generation of magnetic field structures (=BNs), which causes expansion of star.
- If pressure is so high that it breaks open the surface there is a pressure release, which causes contraction of star.
- Generation of neutronium releases huge amounts of muon-neutrinos (=ONs, =radiation)
- Collisions of released BNs cause decay reactions which generate RNs.
- The surface layer closes again and a new cycle starts.
- Beside expansion of star the increasing pressure also leads to increasing release of radiation to space. This is the main difference to a supernova, where the pressure release is nearly constant and then abrupt. As the ONs from inner parts of star is colder than normal surface temperature the temperature decreases by increasing
radiation (luminescence), which is conform to giant stars and observations of sun spots.
- When most of the ONs are released the surface matter of star contracts again and gets warmer until the periodic process starts again.
Observations:
A giant star which has a mass which is larger than 8 sun masses can react by generation of huge amounts of energy within relative short time.
The outer matter of the giant star bursts out into space and forms molecular clouds.
The core of the reacting giant star remains stable as a white dwarf or neutron star.
The spectra of most supernovae show absorption by hydrogen. In this case the supernovae are classified as type II supernova (SN-II). Some SN-II change their spectra by time by decreasing absorption by H and increasing absorption of He.
Current hypotheses:
Type II supernovae is originated by gravitational effect which is called gravitational collapse
This occurs when there is no pressure any more from nuclear fusion reaction which withstand the pressure by gravitation.
There is a sudden pressure release as the fusion reaction suddenly stops because there is no fuel anymore.
The implosion by gravitational collapse generates a core of degenerate compact matter of the giant star.
The matter from implosion is rebound from compact matter back to space.
Comment by SURe:
There are uncountable other hypotheses which have no scientific basis.
New Physics/ SURe:
Type II supernovae is not originated by gravitation. Gravitation cannot generate observed high amounts of energy. The observed energies can exclusively be generated by decay reactions, where high energetic bondings are broken.
Nuclear fusion reactions do not create pressure (kinetic energy) but always consume kinetic energy. But before nuclear fusion occurs the atom has to decay to atomic nucleus, atomic electrons and atomic muon-neutrinos. Emitted muon-neutrinos are photons (RNs). RNs do not experience gravitational force nor build up relevant pressure to compensate gravitation. This can be simply verified by tests.
A nuclear fusion reaction can’t be compared with a self accelerated nuclear fission reaction. Uncontrolled self-acceleration is neither possible for a fusion reaction nor for a gravitational reaction. There is no sudden start (ignition) of fusion reactions and there is no sudden stop by end of fuel. Nuclear fusion reaction rates mainly depend on concentration of reacting particles. Concentrations and reaction rates go down very slowly at the end. If there would be a relevant pressure by reaction this would go down very slowly. This means the acceleration by gravitation would start slowly and increase to maximum over a long time period.
An implosion is a self accelerated uncontrolled reaction. Such a reaction is not possible by gravitation. Generation of compact matter in core of star by pressure of collisions is reality and has already been verified by experiments. The origin of implosion is an explosion on surface, which emits also matter to the direction of the core. But this generation of compact matter (=neutronium) is limited to the surface of the core. Complete core cannot react so quickly.
Repulsions of matter of the magnitude of supernova are impossible. Repulsions of matter in this form have never been observed.
Reactions of supernovae are in principle the reverse reaction of generation of neutronium. The basic reaction steps are that neutronium decays to small parts of neutronium (called X-neutrons by New Physics) and react to atoms with ONs:
neutronium → X-neutrons
X-neutron → (X-1)- neutron + neutron
neutron → proton + electron-neutrino + electron
proton + electron + muon-neutrinos → hydrogen
proton → 3 muon-neutrinos + electron
The reaction equilibria of neutronium do strongly depend on pressure. Sudden changes of reaction rates are always due to quick changes of reaction conditions. A supernova is initiated by a strong presssure release (eruption of BNs) of a giant star. The decay reaction of neutronium enhances the pressure reduction which accelerates the decay reaction. Main energy of supernova is generated by chain reaction of neutron and proton decays.
Overall the reactions explain
- a relative quick burst of a huge amount of energy
- a burst of a huge cloud of ordinary matter (see separate chapters)
Observations:
1.For supernovae of giant stars there are remnants , for supernovae of white dwarfs there are no remnants . These are called type SN-I supernovae.
2. SN-I supernovae show no hydrogen or helium in spectra.
3. Many SN-I show ionized Si in spectra. These are called type SN-Ia supernovae.
Hypotheses of modern physics:
1.SN-Ia occur because of increased gravitational force by accretion of matter from stars in the surroundings.
2. SN-Ia has a different origin than SN-II
3. Origin of SN-I is ignition of carbon fusion
4. Carbon Fusion starts at a specific temperature.
5. Temperature in center of white dwarfs is increased by increase of mass.
6. Ignition of carbon fusion and SN-Ia starts at 1.4 sun masses.
7. All SN-Ia-supernova emit nearly same energy of radiation because of nearly same mass of white dwarfs.
8. Carbon fusion releases increased amounts of energy by increased temperature.
9. Carbon fusion in stars is a runaway reaction.
New Physics/ SURe:
1.Gravitation does not play a roll for activation of supernovae. Accretion of matter is not required for a supernova of a white dwarf. Accretion has a very low probability as cause of SN-I. Accretion means that there is hydrogen in the surrounding of a white dwarf which is contrary to observed spectra of SN-I.
2. All supernovae are based on reactions which are described in 4.2.2. Different mechanisms for the same observations have generally such an extreme low probability that these can be excluded.
3.Nuclear fusions to specific atoms do not occur in universe. Fusion reactions do not belong to reactions which can be ignited. Fusion reactions consume kinetic energy and thus cannot explain supernovae.
4. Nuclear fusion is a reversible reaction of nuclear fission. Temperature changes would change just the equilibrium of reaction which means the ratio of products to deducts.
5. Temperatures do never depend on mass. There is not any observation that temperatures depend on mass. There is a generally accepted physical principle that temperatures are always in equilibrium with surroundings. Only by continuous reactions temperatures can be different from surroundings. Gravitational effects are no reactions which are relevant to create temperature gradients. .
6.(see 3.and 5.)
7. It is true that the masses of white dwarfs are in relative tight limits, but these are not so tight that generated energies of SN-Ia can be regarded as nearly equal.
8. Total nuclear fusion consists of an exothermic decay reaction (decay of atom) and nuclear fusion, which consumes kinetic energy. According to generally accepted principle of Le Chatellier exothermic reactions are suppressed by increase of temperature. This means nuclear fusion reactions are impossible at high temperatures.
9. Like all bonding reactions in universe fusion reactions consume kinetic energy and can’t be runaway reactions.
This would require that the reaction leads to conditions which accelerate the reaction like chain reactions. This is not the case.
Observation:
Supernovae of giant stars have neutron stars as remnants whereas supernovae of white dwarfs have no remnants.
Explanation:
Currently there is no scientifically sound explanation.
New Physics/ SURe:
Ratio of neutronium to atomic matter in core of stars depends on pressure and increases by time. When neutronium concentration is nearly 100% it stabilizes by partly conversion to neutrinium. The conversion already starts in core of stars by high pressure and continues in neutron stars. This explainsthat giant stars with high mass have neutrino stars as remnants of SN-II. The mixture of neutronium and neutrinium has an even higher density than neutronium. 100% neutrinium is the matter of neutrino stars (formerly black holes). Therefore also neutrino stars are relative stable. Neutrinium can not react to atomic matter any more. but it decays to pure radiation (RNs). This is described in separate chapter.
If there is a relative small giant star the decay reaction of neutronium is not so extreme. By this some of the generated atoms remain on surface of star. These are mainly atoms which can generate huge structures of bondings like Si. By this structure also low concentrated neutronium gets a stable surface. Nevertheless white dwarfs are instable and can react by supernovae without remnants.
Another possibility is that white dwarfs get a stabilized surface of neutrinium by medium decay reaction of neutronium which generates pressure. The inner material of white dwarfs is still low concentrated neutronium which can completely react to atomic matter by SN-IA-supernova as soon as neutrinium has decayed. The decay of neutrinium can be accelerated by accretion of ordinary matter.
Observations:
Most SN-II show plateaus of radiation energy (luminescence) over longer time periods after a maximum.
Many SN-II change their spectra by reducing H absorption to zero.
Modern physics:
According to modern physics this is not possible. So no answer of modern physics.
SURe:
The quick release of pressure by blowing away all atomic matter causes a maximum of SN-II luminescence because of a maximum of reaction rate of neutronium to atomic matter. After that the pressure stabilizes. Only the mixed atomic/neutronium on surface is reacting. The reduction of surface area is nearly compensated by increase of concentration of neutronium. This explains the observation that over a period of weeks or several months the radiation intensity stays stable. As soon as the stabilized area of a mixture of neutronic and neutrinium is reached the reaction to atomic matter stops and the radiation energy goes down.
If the burst matter (mainly hydrogen) goes out of the travel path of radiation there are no more radiation with H absorption lines. The decay of neutrinium does not generate H.
Observations:
There are all kind of elements in cosmic clouds and in “metallic“ (solid) celestial bodies like earth.
Hypotheses of modern physics:
Below iron the elements are generated in stars by fusion,
Heavier elements than iron are generated by fusion during supernovae of stars.
New Physics/ SURe:
Generation of all elements in universe is done by one single reaction:
neutronium + muon-neutrinos → all types of atoms
The basic reaction steps are that neutronium decays to small parts of neutronium (=X-neutrons) and react to atoms with ONs:
1-neutron + ONs → proton- BNs – atomic electron = hydrogen (H)
2-neutrons + ONs → neutron/proton -BNs- atomic electron = deuterium (²H)
3-neutrons + ONs → neutron/proton/neutron- BNs - atomic electron = tritium (³H)
3-neutrons + ONs → proton/neutron /proton- BNs- 2 atomic electrons = helium (³He)
4-neutrons + ONs → proton/neutron/proton/neutron - 2 atomic electrons = helium (He)
and so on.
When two attached nuclear neutrons are converted to nuclear protons the proton-proton bonding will break because of unfavorable symmetry. This is the explanation of the observation that atoms always have equal or less bound protons than bound neutrons. The distribution of generated amounts of different atoms are determined by relative stability of atoms. Overall a supernova is a nuclear fission reaction and no nuclear fusion reaction.
But main energy generation does not come from nuclear fission reactions but by decay reactions of protons, neutrons.
And atoms. The bonding reactions of nuclei to atoms do consume much less kinetic energy than generated, because the required BNs are generated by low energetic ONs.
Spectra of supernova are extremely difficult to analyze, because these are due to lots of different elements.
Reliable conclusions by spectral analysis are:
White dwarfs do not consist of carbon and oxygen, which is currently postulated. Otherwise these elements would show broad lines.
Si is generated as one of the most stable elements, because it can bound to O by very stable bondings.
The successive appearance of lines from NI → Co → Fe → Ca shows that nuclear fission reactions occur by supernovae and not nuclear fusion reactions.
Observation:
There are specific molecules in molecular clouds and all over the universe. These molecules are mainly: CO, H2O, CH,CH2,CH4, NH3, SiO2. But also small amounts of more complex molecules like amino acids, formaldehyde, pyrimidine, PAHs.
Postulate of modern physics:
Molecules are generated by chemical reactions.
New Physics/ SURe:
Observed molecules are not typical products of chemical reactions. Chemical reactions in space are nearly impossible as the chances for collisions are very low. For example the high amounts of CO cannot be explained. There would not even be significant traces of CO. A collision of a C atom with an O atom has an extreme low probability, because C and O will collide before with H atoms, which are present with much higher concentrations.
The same is true for more complex molecules. All observed molecules are typical for being generated directly from neutronium by same reaction as the generation of elements (see 4.1.7)
It can be excluded that petroleum and natural gas were generated by plants or other “living“ matter. Natural gas consists of so perfectly “clean“ chemical molecules that it is impossible that natural gas has been generated by biological, biochemical and natural processes out of plants. It is even very difficult by technical processes to get bio-gas to equal quality as natural gas. The same is valid for petroleum. Current theories of generation are not reliable and inconsistent.
New Physics/ SURe of generation of petroleum and natural gas
It is obvious that all matter of earth comes from supernovae. This means basic matter of earth has been generated by reaction of neutronium. The various molecules like all kind of CH molecules, like CH, CH2, CH4, C2, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6 and so on are predestined to react to natural gas and petroleum. Basic matter of all solid celestial bodies has same origin and is therefore nearly identical. So all solid celestial bodies can contain these molecules or their reaction products like natural gas or petroleum. Of course all small molecules can get lost by emission into space. The principle of equal basic matter for generation of celestial bodies are also valid for other molecules like water and amino-acids, which are basic molecules for generation of life.
Observations:
Besides celestial bodies which mainly consists of hydrogen and other gases, there are celestial bodies which consist mostly of solid material. Examples are meteoroids, comets, asteroids, solid planets.
Postulate of modern physics:
If solid celestial bodies with high kinetic energy collide there is a high chance that the bodies will split to smaller bodies.
If solid celestial bodies with low kinetic energy collide there is a high chance that these combine to larger bodies.
New Physics/ SURe:
New Physics/ SURe is nearly the other way round:
If solid bodies with high kinetic energy collide, there is an extreme high chance that these combine to larger particles.
If solid bodies with low kinetic energy collide, there is a high chance that these are not combined or even be split.
Explanation:
High energetic collisions cause energy generation by decay of atoms. The generated energy will melt the impacted material of the bodies, so that these are merged together to a single body. The losses of material are mostly not relevant.
If the kinetic energy is not strong enough to activate decay reactions the bodies can't combine. The gravitational force of small bodies is too weak to combine bodies.
An important scientific principle is that all reactions like the formation of neutronium by high pressure are reversible. As soon as there is less pressure the nuclear structure will transfer back to the more stable atomic structure. All kind of elements can be formed out of neutronium. This is the process how the universe created all possible elements very early after the generation of the universe.
It might even be that you can achieve preferred generation of gold or other rare elements by having some corresponding crystallization particles during the reaction to atoms. All the existing gold in the universe has been generated by above process. So a technical process to produce gold would be guaranteed successful by just copying the process conditions of the universe.
You even need not to use hydrogen for the conversion to gold. You can take any other material like coal, sand or your dead uncle. If you don't want to do the first reaction step, you try to get some neutronium from a neutron star.
You need just a piece of the size of a pea to produce 100 million tons of gold!
The disadvantage would be that the weight of the pea would even be higher than 100 million tons. The bonus is that you can generate high amounts of energy besides the gold.
Besides gold you can generate all other elements. All atomic matter in universe has been produced by one single simple chemical reaction process.
Current Hypothesis:
Distances can be determined by light intensities of SN Ia- supernovae or/and red shifts.
New Physics/ SURe:
Redshifts have not any correlations to distances and light intensities of SN Ia give just very rough estimates.
SURe proposes to use differences of arrival times of radiation of different energies. Each specific radiation energy has a specific velocity, which are easy to be determined.. So the difference of arrival times of radiation from supernovae, from other cosmic events with sudden bursts of radiation or from pulsed radiation of stars will provide accurate values for distances.
White dwarfs and neutron stars are both compact stars, which are stars with neutronium. By this these stars have ultra high density. Modern physics has no scientifically sound description and explanation for neutronium. Therefore this issue was appointed as a case for quantum physics. Quantum physics can explain everything because quantum physics allows hypotheses which violate scientific principles. So there are numerous hypotheses about degenerate matter and neutron stars consisting of neutron-degenerate matter whereas white dwarfs consist of electron degenerate matter. So you know what to do. Forget all the hypotheses of degenerate matter before these will degenerate your brain.
New Physics/ SURe:
The density of a neutron star is about the density of atomic nuclei. So this observation is a clear indication that the matter of neutron stars is (mainly) that what the nomination expresses, it is „neutronium“, that means neutron stars are big nuclei of neutrons. So its nothing new and nothing special. The atomic structure has changed to a nuclear structure.
All types of atoms (= all different elements) can do this reaction, which means all different atoms react to the same product: neutronium. So neutronium is quite normal matter with a very simple structure, whereas atomic matter has a rather complex structure and can be regarded as exotic matter.
It is a well known scientific principle that the structure with higher density is preferred by pressure. So the nuclear configuration is preferred in the core of the star, whereas on the surface or other regions with low pressure the atomic configuration is preferred.
Observation:
White dwarfs mostly have masses at about 0.8 sun masses.
Current hypothesis:
There is a specific limit of mass of white dwarfs at 1.4 sun masses. Below this limit white dwarfs are stable. Above this limit white dwarfs explode by supernova. The limit is called Chandrasekhar limit as the physicist Chandrasekhar has worked out a theory for this.
New Physics/ SURe:
Corresponding theory has no scientific basis.
Reaction rates are controlled by kinetic energy and concentration of colliding particles. Kinetic energy can be expressed by pressure but not by temperature. Currently there is a complete wrong understanding of temperature based on following hypotheses:
High gravitational mass causes high pressure (for example in center of stars).
High pressure causes high temperatures (for example in center of stars).
Whereas 1. is conform to observations and reality, hypothesis 2 is not conform to observations and thus antiscience. Just one example: A bottle of gas under high pressure is as cold as a bottle of gas under normal pressure. Hypothesis 2. is a result of a biased observation. If a gas is pressurized the equilibrium of bound gas molecules to unbound gas molecules is shifted to bound gas molecules. Each bonding of a gas molecule releases one muon-neutrino in low energetic IR-range (= heat). But this endothermic reaction stops as soon as the pressure increase stops. In addition the generated IR-RNs do not stay in the bottle but are emitted.
Overall: Temperature is no property of matter, temperature is an emitted reaction product of matter (see Vol 5). bonding reactions which release low energetic IR-RNs (=heat). But this RNs will not stay in the bottle.
Different types of matter like atomic, neutronic and neutrinium exist always in equilibrium of corresponding reactions. Therefore the ratios of matter depend on temperature, pressure and concentrations. So there is a wide range of conditions where there are mixtures and not pure matter.
Explanation by Universal Principles:
All explosion reactions in universe are based on following requirements:
There has to be a high amount of matter
There has to be activation energy by collision which can activate a decay reaction of this matter.
Decay reaction has to generate two decay particles whichboth have sufficient kinetic energy to activate further decay reactions.
Decaying particles do more collisions which activate further decays than collisions, which do not activate further decay reactions.
Current postulated reactions (fusion) do not meet the requirements. There is exclusively following scientifically sounsd explanation: As already mentioned a white dwarf has a rather stable surface mostly consisting of solid atomic matter and a rather unstable mixture of neutronium and atomic matter in its center. In core of white dwarf the fusion to neutronium still continues which generates pressure by huge bound structures of magnetic fields. If the pressure reaches a value where the solid surface breaks open there is a sudden pressure release, which causes the sudden equilibrium change to neutronium with less bondings (=X-neutrons).
By transfer of bonding energy to kinetic energy the x-neutrons have high energy to activate proton and neutron decay reactions. The decay products of protons and neutrons activate further decay reactions (=particle showers). Finally this results to the observed SN explosion.
The density of a white dwarf is more than a factor 1000 lower than that of a neutron star. So as expected it contains less neutronium than a neutron star. As long as there is no big difference in pressure, a white dwarf is stable. Also cooling down would be no big concern for stability. Slow cooling causes slow reaction to atomic matter which generates temperature. This is the cause why white dwarfs nearly maintain their temperature despite radiation.
All stars in universe contain more or less neutronium in their cores. So this principle of temperature control works for all stars.
Normally the same principle works also for pressure. When the pressure increases the reaction goes to neutronium which reduces the pressure by the smaller size. When the pressure decreases atomic matter is generated which increases the pressure and reduces or stops reaction to atomic matter. But this works exclusively for a closed physical system, which is mostly not the case in stars. A long as the generated atomic matter stays within a star the pressure will increase which will reduce further generation of atomic matter. But when atomic matter spreads out into space there is the contrary effect: the pressure is further reduced because of less gravitational pressure. So the generation of atomic matter is strongly accelerated. A supernova occurs when first there is pressure built-up within a star by atomic matter and then this pressure as suddenly released because the surface of the star cannot withhold the pressure any more. This also explains that before a supernova occurs the star is expanded to a giant star by the generated atomic matter. If the generated atomic matter is directly released ( happens for small stars) there will be no supernova. If generated atomic matter is directly released the generation of atomic matter can only be stopped by increased temperature or by condensation of solid material on surface of star. So supernova is an event where the reaction to atomic matter is extremely accelerated. All types of supernovae have same origin, which is a sudden release of atomic material, and all types of supernovae generated molecular clouds.
Definition:
Neutron stars are compact stars which are remnants of supernovae.
Current hypotheses:
Neutron stars consist of degenerate matter.
Degenerate matter has been generated during supernova by pressure of implosion.
Matter is superfluid and super conductive
Matter has an average density like that of a nucleus.
Neutron stars have a high rotation (spin) frequency up to 1000 per second, which is generated by gravitational collapse (pirouette effect).
New Physics/ SURe:
Neutron stars consist of neutronium which is a classical matter with a simple structure generated by nuclear fusion of neutrons.
Supernova is an explosion and no implosion. There is some pressure by explosion to the core, but there is much more pressure release due to reduced gravitational force. The pressure release is the initiator and accelerator for a supernova.
The nuclear fusion of hydrogen to neutronium in stars needs incredible long time and starts in core of stars right after generation. It mostly also continuous after supernova because supernova can occur before there is 100% neutronium. There is never 100% neutronium, because neutronium is not the final product of nuclear fusion. Neutronium rearranges to neutrinium. Whereas neutronium has the structure of bound neutrons, neutrinium has the structure of bound neutrinos. Contrary to current hypotheses all fusion reactions are strongly favored by low temperatures.
This hypothesis is reality. Currently there is no scientifically sound description and explanation of superfluidity and superconductivity. New Physics can explain it by the specific structures of matter.
This hypothesis is reality.
This is a top item of antiscience. Every scientist knows that such high spin frequencies of large bodies are impossible. There are no bonding forces in universe which can withstand such high forces of acceleration. Reality is that rotation frequencies stay nearly stable during supernovae. There is neither a gravitational collapse nor a pirouette effect. 100% of matter around core of star (=neutron star) is blown into space by supernova.
Young neutron stars still generate neutronium in two steps:
Old neutron stars generate neutrinium in two steps:
The first step is the decay of neutronium which generates muon-neutrinos. The second step is the bonding of muon-neutrinos to neutrinium. The decay reaction is similar to the decay of neutrons, which can be regarded as reverse reaction of generation of neutrons:
neutron (10e) → 2 charged Pions (2x5e) → 2 muon-neutrino (4FP) + 2 electrons (1FP).
Not all generated muon-neutrinos bind to neutrinium. Some propagate to surface and are emitted as radiation. Most generated muon-neutrinos are high energetic radiation (gamma and X-ray).
The emission of electrons is the origin of radio radiation.
Definition:
Radio pulsars are neutron stars which apparently emit pulsed radiation in form of radio waves.
Observations:
Radio pulsars do no accretion.
The short term pulsating frequency is extremely stable and can be accurately determined.
The frequency has a slow stable drift to lower values.
Current hypotheses:
A radio pulsar emits continuously radiation with wavelengths in range of radio waves.
The radiation energy is generated by energy of rotation.
The radio pulsar emits radiation at the magnetic poles.
The observed pulsation is an effect of self-rotation (spin).
The rotation slows down because of loss of energy by radiation.
Radiation occur by same principle as Synchroton radiation.
The focused beam of radiation can periodically hit the earth if the magnetic poles have different locations than poles of rotation axes.
New Physics/ SURe:
Radio spectroscopy is not yet understood. Radiation by radio waves is not possible (see 4.4). The pulsation should be checked by X-ray spectroscopy as normally there is a coincidence by radio- and X-ray signals.
Radiation (mostly X-ray and gamma-ray) is generated by decay reactions which overall does not need kinetic energy.
In a neutron star the radiation generating decay reaction is the reaction of neutronium to neutrinium. This starts already in core of ordinary star and continues until generation of neutrinium is complete. By this the neutron star becomes a neutrino star, which currently is called black hole. The corresponding reaction has two steps.
High energetic RNs are less deflected by magnetic fields than low energetic. So it is likely that these are emitted all over the surface of pulsar.
It can be excluded that pulsars emit the observed pulsed radiation. Such an accurate frequency is a strong indication for an artefact by measurement. If you have a thorough look of the technique of measurements of radio waves you will realize that it is predestined that a constant signal of high energy will be transformed to a pulsed signal of radio waves. This can easily be verified. Radio spectroscopy is an extremely unreliable method.
Current explanation of pulsation by spin of neutron star is completely absurd because of high frequency and other impossible facts (see 6.).
The observed pulsation frequency can be explained by a slow reduction of intensities (concentration) of gamma-rays by slow reduction of reaction rate of neutrinium generation. This means that the measurement error depends on intensities of gamma-rays.
Physicists are not aware of the mechanism of Synchroton radiation, which is explained in Vol.6. Observed and even postulated radiation has nothing in common with Synchroton radiation.
Mostly magnetic poles are near poles of rotation axis. It is impossible that radiation from stars can be focused within such a limitted angle to achieve postulated effects.
A thorough analysis of radio signal intensity by time would show that this is not conform to pulsation by rotation.
ordinary stars except that ordinary stars have smaller but continuous eruptions. So the strong periodic eruptions of ONs are the origin of pulsars.
There is following explanation, why the eruptions are highly periodic:
Pulsations are usual observations for specific reactions. In the case of generation of muon-neutrinos the reaction slows down by increase of concentration of muon-neutrinos and pressure. When pressure is released by eruption there is a sudden acceleration of reaction which increases pressure until release is completed and there is too low pressure for further eruption. As long as there is an excess of neutronium which decays, the reaction occurs with constant periodic cycles.
The energy is emitted over a long time period as high energetic radiation of the neutron star until formation of a neutrino star is complete. The long-term energy generation is the scientific explanation of corresponding observations for radiation emitting pulsars and magnetars. Current descriptions of pulsars have no scientific basis.
Main source of the strong radiation of x-rays and gamma-rays, however, are the decay processes of neutronic and neutrinium. The postulated extreme high rotation frequencies have an extreme low probability to be physical reality. Observations of highly frequent pulsations is not caused by rotation but by periodic burst outs of BNs (see 4.2.6).
Definition:
Pulsars are neutron stars which apparently emit pulsed radiation. Here are described just pulsars which emit radiation in the range of X-rays (=X-ray pulsars)
Current hypotheses:
X-ray pulsars always are neutron stars in a binary system of an ordinary star. (binary star system).
Matter from companion star is accreted and propagates to the surface of the neutron star along the magnetic fields, which means at the magnetic pole regions (as it is known by aurora).
In the pole regions high intensities of X-ray radiation are continuously generated.
The observed pulsation is an optical effect of self-rotation (spin)of neutron star.
The radiation energy is generated by gravitational energy.
Radiation occur by same principle as Synchroton radiation.
The continuous radiation at magnetic poles can periodically hit the earth when the magnetic poles have different locations than poles of rotation axes.
There are no hypotheses for observed changes of pulsation frequencies.
New Physics/ SURe:
This seems to be a correct observation.
This is a scientifically sound description.
There are pulsed generations of x-ray radiation. The ordinary matter (mainly protons) from companion star has to get a specific concentration until an uncontrolled chain reaction of decays occur. By this explosion all protons in surface region decay and have to be filled up again until the next explosion occurs. It is well known that decay of protons generate X-rays.
See 3. Spin cannot have the high frequency of pulsation.
The radiation energy is generated by break of bondings which transfers vibration energy to kinetic energy.
The emissions in pole area are accelerated by magnetic fields. The ignition occurs when protons with high kinetic energy collide with BNs of magnetic field. The acceleration of protons to the required activation energy for decay reaction is done by gravitation.
Physicists are not aware of the mechanism of Synchroton radiation. Synchroton radiation is generated by collisions of particles with very high velocities to particles of magnetic fields. In pulsars are no particles available which have the required velocities.
Radiation by explosion reactions is not focused, which means it goes to all directions . It can even be that pulsed radiation from both poles can be observed.
Pulsation frequencies depend on amounts of accreted matter, which have long-term variations.
Pulsations are usual observations for specific reactions. In the case of generation of muon-neutrinos the reaction slows down by increase of concentration of muon-neutrinos and pressure. When pressure is released by eruption there is a sudden acceleration of reaction which increases pressure until release is completed and there is too low pressure for further eruption. As long as there is an excess of neutronium which decays, the reaction occurs with constant periodic cycles.
The postulated extreme high rotation frequencies have an extreme low probability to be physical reality. Observations of highly frequent pulsations is not caused by rotation but by periodic burst outs of BNs (see 4.2.6).
Definition:
Magnetars are X-ray-pulsars with very strong magnetic fields.
Observation:
Magnetars have bursts of X-ray and gamma-ray radiation.
Current hypotheses:
Energy of high energetic radiation is due to strong magnetic fields.
Magnetars have magnetic fields which are 1000 times stronger than normal neutron stars.
New Physics/ SURe:
High energetic radiation can be explained by reaction of neutronium to neutrinium (see 4.3.6).
The structure of neutronium has many parallel orientated options to react with ONs. By this neutronium has ideal structure to generate magnetic fields. Free moving electrons or convection movements are not required to generate magnetic fields. Like for all celestial bodies magnetic fields are generated just by rotation of celestial bodies. In SURe Vol. 5 SURe presents that the physical reality of magnetic fields are large chain-structures of ONs, which are bound in form of attached hexagons. The strength of magnetic fields are proportional to density of BN-chains, which is proportional to concentration of options to bind to ONs, which is extremely high for neutron stars.
The postulated high rotation velocities are falsified by generation of strong magnetic fields, as extreme high rotation velocity would generate high energetic Synchroton radiation (x-rays and gamma-rays) instead of micro radiation.
Current hypothesis:
Radio telescopes measure cosmic radiation, which has wavelength in range of radio waves, which means energy lower than cosmic microwave background.
New Physics/ SURe:
Radio telescopes do not measure any low energetic radiation with less energy than micro radiation, because this is the lowest possible radiation in cosmos. Micro radiation is equivalent to kinetic energy of ONs. ONs is a synonym for cosmic microwave background, or corectly expressed as cosmic micro-radiation background. Radiation are no waves but particles, which move in a group to same direction (=RNs) or to random direction (= ONs). At lower energies than micro radiation ONs crystallize to neutrino stars and thus these are not moving any more.
Any directed hypothetical radio radiation would get stopped by collisions to ONs on their long ways through space. The usually generated and measured radio-signals on earth are specific periodic sequences of electric radiation (ER) which is described in Vol.5. Electric radiation consists of stable agglomerates of BNs and an electron. These sequences of coherent micro-RNs are generated by collisions against moving electrons in antennas. The reverse reaction is that the emitted micro- RNs generate moving electrons in receiving antennas . This is the measurement principle of radio-telescopes. The differebce in cosmos is that there are no antennas which emit waves of RNs by moving electrons in alternate directions. But there are electrons which are emitted by decay reactions. As these just move to one direction there are no radio waves but radio signals. As the kinetic energy of emitted electrons in cosmos is mostly much larger than in antennas, the generated RNs are high energetic RNs mostly in range of gamma rays or X-rays.
Nearly all decay reactions of stars generate electrons with high energetic energy. But the requirement for radio signals is that they all move to nearly same direction which is supported by stable magnetic fields.
In Vol.6 New Physics/ SURe will present several observations (experiments) which all prove that radiation are no electromagnetic waves and the that exclusively micro- and radiowaves are waves and show the typical characteristics of waves, which are wavelength, frequencies, amplitudes, interference and deflections by Fresnel -Huygens principle.
.
A black hole is a mathematical construct based on unrealistic hypotheses and has nothing to do with physics or science. Using the term black hole for a star already shows that physicists have do not differentiate between science fiction and science. Instead of describing what they observe they take fitive thoughts and assumptions of a single person. New physics/ SURe has found out that the stars, which are currently called “black holes” consists of classical matter of muon-neutrinos and therefore calls the star neutrino star analog to the term neutron star which is used for stars which consists of bound neutrons. The nomination black hole is still used by New Physics in some cases for better understanding.
As already mentioned black holes are described by mathematical models without any physical reality. Just a few expressions, which are obvious that these are no physics (=nothing what exists in universe, marked in bold letters):
Existence of singularity with infinite gravity and infinite density
Existence of an event horizon, i.e. a specific radius where physics changes to magics
„Everything goes in and nothing can go out anymore including light“
Gravitation is so strong that there is no radiation from surface
Existence of worm holes
Existence of Hawking radiation
- Existence of micro black holes
- Generation of gravitational waves by colliding black holes
Modern physics presents no physical mechanisms of formation of neutrino stars. Physicists think they can generate stars by writing some mathematical formulas on a table. The mechanism of formation of galaxies is not described. The process of generation of emitted energies (quasars) is not described.
Astrophysicists did and do a good job by observations and have drawn perfect conclusions by these observations, which proved to be reality of neutrino stars.
consist of compact matter
are similar but more compact (higher density) than neutron stars
can be generated as stellar neutrino star by neutron stars
are existing as super massive neutrino stars in center of all galaxies
are bodies with highest density in universe
are essential for the formation of galaxies
react with ordinary matter to strong radiation
do not reflect or emit radiation in visible region
Currently physicists are not aware of the reactions and structures of neutrino stars whereas New Physics is aware of all possible reactions and structures in space.
A stellar neutrino star is a neutron star, in which the neutronium has been converted for more than 50% to neutrinium. The reaction is a relative slow rearrangement of the neutronium which has already been described in 4.3. By reaction high energetic RNs and electrons are generated, which explain the emissions of gamma-rays, X-rays and radio signals. Structure of neutrinium is equivalent to structure of bound neutrinos. Therefore the generated neutrinium is equivalent to freezed ONs (see next chapter).
Reactivity:
There are steady bondings and decays of neutrinos (ONs). The side of equilibrium depends on pressure and “temperature”. If other celestial bodies collide with neutrino stars the kinetic energy of collision causes extreme strong emissions of ONs (radiation) and electrons (radio signals). Ordinary matter of collided celestial bodies will decay to neutrinos and increase emitted radiation. By this stellar neutrino stars can get the strongest radiation of all stars. Generated ONs are partly incorporated into the structure of neutrino star, but most of the ONs are emitted as high energetic radiation. In this case a stellar neutrino star can also be called stellar quasar. Radiation is emitted directly from surface of the neutrino star. The postulate of prevention of radiation by extreme high gravitational force is antiscience.
At concentration of neutrinium near 100% stellar neutrino stars act as crystallization nuclei for supermassive neutrino stars.
Current physics has no scientific hypothesis for the generation of supermassive black holes. Particularly it is not known, why black holes / neutrino stars increase their mass in short time and have these extreme high masses.
New Physics/ SURe presents the only scientifically sound possibility for this observation. As there are no other possibilities and the predicted formation is conform to all observations it is physical reality: As already mentioned a supermassive neutrino star is generated by freezing (crystallization) of omnipresent muon-neutrinos (ONs). Accretion of matter from other physical units is not relevant for growth of neutrino stars. Accretion discs do not exist in universe. Neutrino stars grow by absorption of radiation (RNs). There is an equilibrium of absorption and emission, which is equivalent to freezing and evaporation which depends on kinetic energy of neutrinos.
A supermassive neutrino star is always relative passive even if it belongs to an active galactic nucleus. All observable radiation comes from the galactic bulge and not from objects like accretion disks, which do not exist.
The condensation process is relative quick so that the generation of a supermassive black hole occurs within relative short time. This explains the unusually low number of observed black holes with sizes between stellar and supermassive neutrino stars.
New Physics/ SURe show that all motions in space are controlled by ONs. All changes of movements are done by gravitational acceleration. Gravitational acceleration is due to concentration and concentration gradient of free moving ONs. This means by CBD mechanism ONs with high concentration push matter to regions with lower concentration of ONs. In the surrounding of neutrino-stars there is a very low concentration of free moving ONs because ONs are bound. There is also nearly no concentration gradient near neutrino star. After a specific limit of distance (end of bulge) the concentration gradient and concentration increases exponential until after another specific limit it increases proportional to distance. By this neutrino stars exert a strong gravitational force over long distances but no or extreme low gravitational force Active neutrino stars generate high amounts of ONs. by kinetic energy of collisions. in the neutron star so that the process of galactic evolution already starts as neutron star. The continuous emissions of relative low energetic ONs causes that there is a strongly decreasing concentration of ONs around a neutron star. The process mostly continuous after formation of neutrino star out of neutron star.
Until now in the center of each galaxy a super massive neutrino star has been observed.
Observation:
Orbital velocities of stars in center of spiral galaxies reduce with distance to center.
Current hypotheses:
In center of spiral galaxies there are supermassive black holes, which exert extreme strong gravitational forces which reduce by distance to supermassive black holes. (For better understanding SURe stays for description of hypotheses with the obsolete expressions of black holes)
Conclusions:
Either observations are no reality or postulate is no reality.
Comment:
It is typical for the current situation of physics that nobody cares about inconsistencies and physicists do not mention inconsistencies. Physicists prefer to stay with inconsistencies and hope that the public does not realize these.
Observations:
In center of each observed galaxy there is a region with an extreme high concentration of celestial bodies. This region is called bulge of galaxy.
In elliptical galaxies the bulge is mostly spherical with random planes of orbiting stars
In spiral galaxies the bulge goes significantly out of the plane but is more disc like and less spherical. Most stars in outer regions of bulge orbit in same plane as plane of spiral galaxy.
Radiation intensity of bulge is much larger than rest of the galaxy and decreases with distance to center.
Current hypothesis:
Bulge has identical distribution of mass density, which explains the increasing orbital velocities of stars by distance to center of galaxy.
New Physics/SURe:
Hypothesis is neither conform to observations of light intensities nor to hypothesis of an existing supermassive black hole in center of galaxy. Reality is that there is a supermassive neutrino star in center of galaxy and that by this nearly the whole mass of the bulge is in center of bulge and not equally distributed and despite of that there are low orbital velocities near the center. Irreality are current theories about gravitation. Newtons formulas are no generally valid physical laws. Gravitation is just a result of Universal Principles and the derived CBD mechanism. (see Vol.5). There is no specific force for gravitation. This means that all orbital velocities of stars in universe, the existence of a supermassive neutrino star and the existence of a bulge in center of galaxies impressively verifies New Physics/ SURe and falsifies present physics. A bulge with extreme high number of stars exists because stars can have an extreme broad range of velocities to do orbital movements in a very small range of distance to center of galaxy. So a bulge is always automatically generated by supermassive neutrino star, whereas a bulge would not exist around a black hole.
Scientifically sound conclusion:
Gravitational force is neither described by Newton's laws of gravitation nor by Einstein's general relativity but by Mew Physics/ SURe.
Short explanation of gravitation (details in Vol.5):
Gravitational acceleration is done by collisions of free moving muon-neutrinos (ONs). A black hole consists of bound mion-neutrinos (BNs). Therefore there is not any gravitational force within a black hole and on surface of a black hole. On surface the number of bondings of neutrinium are reducing but there are still no free moving ONs. So it takes a significant distance until the concentration of free moving neutrinos is increasing. This results in an exponential increase of gravitational force and orbital velocities of stars by distance to galactic center.
As already mentioned this is the cause why there is a huge number of celestial bodies in this area which is called galactic bulge. The observation of increasing orbital velocities is much more strange than the observation of constant orbital velocities after a specific distance where the orbital velocity is maximal. But as long as this does not get public physicists are fine.
Overall the galactic orbital velocities can't be explained by modern physics but exclusively by New Physics/ SURe.
Physicists postulate the contrary what they observe: orbital velocities increase by decreasing distance to black hole.
It is for example postulated that black holes which orbit around other black holes at close distance have extreme large orbit velocities before both collide. There is a hypothesis that by fast mutual orbiting gravitational waves are generated.
Physics/ SURe:
There are neither fast nor slow orbital velocities of a binary system of black holes. Because there is no gravitational force between neutrino stars there can’t be orbital movements. There have been observations of supermassive neutrino stars side by side in a galaxy. This is not an unusual observations. They can stay side by side for long times. Mostly the ONs between the two neutrino stars are also freezing which results to a merge of both stars. There will be nearly no generation of energy. This is different when neutrino stars collide frontal, which is the only possible way of collision.
The generation of the apparently observed gravitational waves is based on an impossible theory.
It is impossible to observe and identify the supermassive neutrino star of the milky way even it would emit radiation because there are uncountable other stars and dark clouds of condensed hydrogen between earth and galactical center.. Therefore neutrino stars can exclusively be identified indirectly by extreme slow moving stars in surroundings.
Current hypotheses.
Neutrino star in center of milky way is Sagittarius A, which emits radiation and is orbited by a star S2, which has an extreme high orbital velocity.
New Physics/ SURe:
Supermassive neutrino stars emit not any observable radiation and are not surrounded by stars with large orbital velocities. Therefore it can be excluded by 200% that Sagittarius A is the supermassive neutrino star of milky way.
It is no neutrino star at all.
Definition:
Quasars are cosmic objects which emit high intensities of all energetic types of radiation.
Observations:
Quasars are mostly in center of galaxies.
Current hypothesis:
Observed high energies and intensities emitted from center of galaxies are generated around a supermassive black hole by matter from accretion disk.
New Physics/ SURe:
Observed high energies and intensities emitted from center of galaxies are generated around a supermassive neutrino star by celestial bodies of galactic bulge. The strong radiation cannot be generated by single celestial bodies or other matter but requires lots of normal radiating stars. Supermassive neutrino stars do not emit radiation and are not involved in observed radiation.
As known by physicists the bulge consists of so many stars that it appears as single star. This means the galactic bulge is equivalent to supermassive quasars.
Current hypotheses:
Some celestial bodies like some active black holes and other compact stars emit radiation and matter out of the magnetic poles by focused beams. These are called astrophysical jets. The matter and energy mostly is the result of accretion of matter from accretion disks.
New Physics/ SURe:
Such focused beams are not possible in universe. There is no mechanism, which would explain this. There is also not any observation of jets which fits to the hypotheses. There are only few real pictures by telescopes which show allegedly jets like for galaxy M87 and celestial object HH24. It can easily be proved by uncountable inconsistencies that the pictures show no cosmic jets. The “jet” of M87 is clearly a set of stars, galaxies and clouds in a row and the “jet” of HH24 is so straight that it only can be a condensation trail of a traveling celestial body, which does easily occur in cosmic cloud regions by losing matter which function as condensation nuclei.
Some physicists state that the focusing is done by magnetic fields. But magnetic fields do the contrary: they diverge when leaving the earth at the magnetic poles. Emissions of radiation or matter restricted to pole regions have never been observed. If jets are observed this is never the radiation from origin of jet but always the radiation from matter of jet. The radiation of a jet would always be just observable as a spot which cannot be differentiated from beams of stars.
Lots of wrong interpretations of pictures from Hubble space telescope refer to regions where there are relative young stars like Taurus star forming region. These are regions where there is a lot of dynamics of formation and disappearing of clouds, nebula and “jets” by condensation and evaporation. When Hubble telescope detects a huge cloud near a star which was not there some time before, there is always the biased observation : Hubble has detected a huge blow out of gas by a star. In science it ia essential to describe without assumptions: A huge cloud has been generated near a star. Most errors of physics are caused by biased observations.
There are so many reasons why jets can’t exists and the observed examples are no jets that it would take too long to list these.
Current hypotheses:
Matter orbits around an active galactic nucleus (AGN) in form of torus, pancake or ring.
The matter consists of gas, dust, asteroids and other small celestial bodies.
The matter is decelerated by friction and spirals to AGN.
Before the matter reaches the surface it emits huge amounts of radiation.
Comment:
There are so many other non-scientific hypotheses that these would fill a separate book to falsify. Each hypothesis creates dozens of questions, which have no scientific answer.
Overall the non-existing accretion disks have just been invented to explain non-existing jets. Both have never been observed. As these are not needed to explain any real cosmic event these issues will not be discussed in this book.
New Physics/SURe:
The only real observation of matter which surrounds an AGN and generates huge amounts of radiation is the galactic bulge. An AGN is always passive. They have to be stable without high energetic reactions, because the galactic nuclei (neutrino stars) control the complete galaxy. Any turbulence would create turbulence of galaxy.
Current hypothesis:
Gravitation of neutrino stars is so strong that nothing including radiation can escape a neutrino star.
New Physics/ SURe:
If the matter of a neutrino star would generate radiation, this radiation would be emitted even in the case when a neutrino star would have extreme high gravitational force. Even it would emit RNs these would not be in the visible range. Radiation are moving neutrinos in a group to same direction. Neutrino stars are bound muon-neutrinos which do not move. Around crystallized (freezed) structure of BNs there is a liquid structure of BNs. This means that not all options of bondings are used , but there are still no free moving neutrinos (gas phase). The liquid phase is very important and has following functions:
Absorption of all incoming radiation (RNs). This is equivalent to condensation of radiation or the reaction of RNs to BNs.
In outer parts of liquid phase the BNs are emitted as free moving neutrinos. As these have arbitrary directions the emission does not result to RNs but to ONs. This means there is no radiation. The process is equivalent to evaporation of neutrinos.
As soon as there is a relevant concentration of ONs there will be a relevant gravitation and the zone of galactical
bulge starts.
By this it is prevented that ordinary matter is attracted by gravitation. If ordinary matter would react with supermassive neutrino stars this would lead to bursts of strong radiation with shock fronts which would lead to severe instabilities of galaxies.
Propagation fronts of strong radiation can be regarded as gravitational shock wave. This is the only possible gravitational wave. Gravitational waves according to current hypotheses are completely different and have no scientific basis.
Comment:
The main author is expert of spectroscopic analysis and is well aware of the techniques and the challenging difficulties to get a picture out of the data and to interpretate the complex signals.
Spectroscopic data are of extreme importance because these are the only tools by which we get informations about the cosmos. New Physics/ SURe shows that there lots of new tasks to use these tools and in addition recheck observations on basis of Universal Principles. All findings of New Physics/ SURe concerning astrophysics are the results of the great spectroscopic work of astrophysicists. This was so perfectly done that New Physics nearly did not need any additional theoretical work-out to describe the cosmos.
From now on there will be strong increase of new spectacular publications for astrophysicists, because the publications will not have the tight restrictions any more, which means it can be publicized what has been observed and not what the system of physics assumes.
Interpretation of picture by main author:
First it has to be mentioned that the colors of pictures have to be assigned to intensities of spectroscopic signals. By this the blackness of the “shadow of black hole” does not mean that there were no radio signals. It just means that the radio signals had a different average energy or intensity than in other regions. Different can also mean increased intensity of signals. Normally for radio spectroscopy the signal to noise ratio is very low. So there has to be data which show the significance of differences of signals between center and ring. The picture has just been created for the public. Relevant information for scientists would be the local distribution of intensities and energies of measured signals and the relative size of observed object to size of M87 galaxy or even better relative to size of the so called jet of M87.
Only by this you get information about the object of the picture. There are exclusively following possibilities:
1. The black “shadow in center” of observed object refers to significant stronger radiation intensity than the colored around it. In this case the observed object can be:
the galactic bulge of M87
another galactic bulge in front or behind M87
2. The black shadow in center of observed object refers to significant lower radiation intensities than those of the colored ring around the center.
In this case it can be excluded that the observed object is in center of a galaxy, because in center of a galaxy there are just spherical structures. Ring-shaped structures directly around galactic center are impossible (=cannot be explained by Universal Principles). But by increased distance to center the spherical structures turn more and more to flat ring structures and after that to linear chain structures. This is caused by increased stability of bondings of BN- structures: Chain structures are preferred (=are more stable) because vibrations are stabilized by chain-structures. The preference of linear structures is verified by the observation of galactic spiral arms and structure of galactical net.
3. The signal to noise ratio is so small that it can’t be differentiated between above possibilities.
No astrophysical jet:
An important information of the picture is that there is no emission of an astrophysical jet, which is conform to expectations of New Physics. It is a currently unscientific situation that such “negative” results are not realized as great achievements. Mostly these are even more important than “positive results” and should be acknowledged even higher.
Since about 1980 orbital velocities in galaxies have been determined (mostly by Doppler shift of spectra). It was discovered that the orbital velocities of stars in galaxies by distance to center are not conform to theories of gravitation. In our sun system the orbital velocities of planets decrease as expected by distance to the sun (d) by the factor 1/ square root (d). Observations of sun system have been the basis for Newton's law of gravitation and Einstein's theory of relativity (Einstein did a mathematical transformation of Newton's law of gravitation).
Thus Newton's laws of gravitation and Einstein's theory of general relativity are conform to observations in sun systems but not to observations of galaxies,
Observations:
1) Orbital velocities of stars in galaxies above a specific distance to the neutrino star are unexplainable high (high velocity would normally lead to moving out of the galaxy)
2) Orbital velocities of stars in spiral galaxies above a specific distance to the neutrino star are nearly constant.
Current hypotheses:
1. Newton's law of gravitation and Einstein's theory of general relativity have to be valid so that there has to be additional non-observable mass in galaxies. The missing non-observable mass is due to matter in a spherical halo around center of galaxy. The matter is unknown and has been called dark matter.
2. Newton's law of gravitation and Einstein's general relativity are not generally valid and have to be modified for galaxies. The postulated theory has been called MOND (Modified Newtonian Dynamics).
There are following problems for the 2 postulates:
1. Postulate of a halo of dark matter does not explain following observation:
halo is always exactly the size that orbital velocities are constant
strongly increasing orbital velocities near center
movement of stars in dwarf galaxies
spherical form of halo is not conform to magnitudes of gravitational lense effect
anomal movements of specific asteroids and spacecrafts
2.Postulate of MOND has no scientific basis and is not conform to Universal Principles. It is just another description of the observation 2).
Conclusions:
Newton's „law“ of gravitational law is not generally valid.
Einstein's theory of general relativity is not generally valid
There is no valid theory of gravitation.
New Physics/ SURe shows in Vol.5 that all movements in space (=gravitational accelerations) are controlled by CBD-mechanism according to Universal Principles. There is no specific force by gravitation.
In addition SURe explains following observations:
Structure of galaxies like plate and spiral arms of spiral galaxies
Structure of galactic filament net of the universe
According to SURe the gravitational acceleration is done by collisions of ONs and by this proportional to concentration and concentration gradient of ONs. Concentration of ONs depends on exerting gravitational mass and distance of bodies. In sun system concentration of ONs decreases by R² (R = distance to sun). This is explained by the fact that number of ONs generally remains nearly constant with distance. Constant absolute number results in decrease of concentration proportional to increasing spherical area, which is by R².
This process is disturbed in galactic systems. In galactic systems agglomerations of ONs play a significant role. Agglomerations preferably occur in regions between celestial bodies or in straight lines to bodies. So the agglomeration of ONs and structuring of celestial bodies reinforce each other. By agglomeration of ONs the spherical equal distribution of ONs around a neutrino star will convert to a circle of condensed ONs and finally to strings of ONs. This is the cause for the formation of plane spiral galaxies and the spiral arms and for the filament structure of galaxies. Overall the condensation effect and the mutual attraction of ordinary and ONs (caused by states of lowest states of spin energies) results in the effect that the 3 dimensional reduction of ONs concentration goes over in a 2 dimensional reduction which refers to the disc structure of galaxy with corresponding reduction of ONs concentration with distance by 1/R instead of 1/R². This means the gravitational force in galaxies changes to be proportional to 1/R. This explains the constant orbital velocities of stars. The 2 dimensional structure can even change by same condensation effects to a one dimensional structure. This starts with the generation of the observed spiral arms within the plane of galaxies and explains the formation of the galactic filaments.
For cosmic systems with low distances like our sun system the usual orbital velocities of planets are observed, which was the basis for Newtons law of gravitation which has been adopted by Einstein for his theory of general relativity. So both theories are not generally valid.
The big bang theory is not based on physics and not even based on any other science. Nearly all statements are not conform (inconsistent) to observations and violate scientific principles. So physics starts with pure antiscience, magics and occultism. All of following postulates cannot be explained by physics but just by a supernatural magic force:
Singularity
Extreme high / infinite energy
Extreme high / infinite density
Extreme/ infinite small size
Extreme high temperature
Cooling down
Extreme fast expansion of space (cosmic inflation)
Transformation of energy to mass
1-4) are obvious impossible
5) +8) are explained in Vol.5
6) +7) are explained below
New Physics/ SURe:
There is just one possible scientific process for the generation of the universe, which is conform (consistent) to all observations and thus is conform to scientific principles. It is a classical process based on basic physical rules. Physicists would just have to think how the universe can be generated by classical physical rules. By this they would have detected the real process of generation within short time. But instead physicists believed that there must be something magic to generate the universe. So physicists invented lots of magic and absurd hypotheses which were assembled to the big bang theory.
The universe can be defined as all physically observable matter (=energy).
Generation of universe means generation out of nothing. All other processes refer to transformations and not to generation.
This means although the big bang theory uses lots of magics it does not fulfill its purpose, which is to describe the generation of the universe. Big bang theory does not start with nothing. So it just a description of the first steps of evolution of the universe after generation. An evolution is done by interactions of particles and interactions of particles means classical reactions of particles. So what you need to describe the evolution of the universe are detailed classical reaction equilibria. Big bang theory also completely fails this task.
New Physics/ SURe presents as well the generation of the universe by classical physical rules as also the evolution of the universe by classical reactions, which means by Universal Principles. All current pseudoscientific theories and hypotheses are not needed to describe and explain everything which has occurred and which will occur in universe.
Hypothesis of modern physics:
At start of generation of the universe the space expanded with a speed which was much faster than speed of light. This process has been called cosmic inflation.
New Physics/ SURe:
This is a typical example where unrealistic hypotheses which are falsified by observations are saved by creation of further unrealistic hypotheses.
The observation is the homogeneous distribution of matter in universe (galactic net). This is not conform to the generation of the universe just on one location. So an additonal hypothesis was needed that matter has been distributed within nearly no time. As this violates the unrealistic postulate of an absolute speed limit all obsolete hypotheses were tried to save by the completely absurd postulate of “expansion of space”, which got the allowance for overspeed and was called cosmic inflation.
Expansion of space is unreality because it is no process which can be explained by scientific principles and it is not conform to any observation. It can be easily shown that at least currently there is no expansion of space as by expansion of space the concentration of ONs would be decreasing by time, which would change nearly all rules of physics by time. For example the speed of light would continuously increase and gravitational force would decrease by time. Additionally expansion of space violates the principle of energy conservation, which led to the creation of another unrealistic postulate of dark energy. There are still so many inconsistencies by all this pseudoscience that it would fill many books to write them down. Physicists are aware of much more inconsistencies than the main author, so it does not make sense to mention these here in detail.
New Physics/ SURe does not need to postulate cosmic inflation as it describes the reality: the universe started with absolute homogeneous distribution of fundamental particles (e) with equal energy in the constant space of the universe. e started with interactions at the same time all over the universe. Only by this the observed homogeneity of the universe can be explained.
Contrary to big bang theory New Physics/ SURe presents not only a mechanism for generation of matter but also for the stop of further generation of matter in universe, which is also important: Generation of matter has to occur without energy. This is exclusively possible in “empty” space as otherwise energy is needed to push away other e. This explains that the generation of matter stopped when total space of the universe was filled. As the size of the universe has to be stable as continuous expansion would have also lead to non-homogeneity. So there is no further generation of matter in universe.
The overall stable concentration of ONs proves that there is and was never a change of space of universe. The 3 dimensions of space got a physical reality because matter can occupy 3 dimensions and interact and move in 3 dimensions. The reality of absolute space and time intervals are needed to describe energetic states, interactions and positions of matter in universe.
Doing science means to describe observations in universe. All observations refer to changes of energetic states and local relative positions of matter by time). If a scientists accepts the postulates of variable spacetime by different observer he can immediately stop working on science, because it does not make sense to describe something which is not valid for other observers. Particularly it does not make sense to describe the generation of the universe.
Just few additional inconsistencies:
There is neither a scientifically sound definition nor a mechanism for “expansion of space“
There is no clear description what happens with interacting particles.
Space in galaxies is not affected. This led to the absurd postulate that space of galaxies are excluded from expansion. What about the also important gravitational forces between galaxies? What are the local limits which are valid for expansion?
There is no scientifically sound explanation why space within galaxies is not affected.
The cosmic net of galactic filaments should show impacts from space expansion, which are not observed
The homogenous CMB is not conform to expansion of space
It is a fatal error that observed red-shifts of stars are conform to expansion of space, Spectral data falsify expansion of space.
Current Hypothesis:
After the generation of the universe it cooled down. Cooling down then allowed the formation of subatomic and atomic particles.
Comment:
Above postulate is contrary to hypotheses of particle physicists. Particle physicists postulate that extreme high temperatures are required to generate nuclear fusion (bonding reactions).
New Physics/ SURe:
Reality is that formation of subatomic and atomic particles by bonding reactions requires that particles have low kinetic energy. This is a general physical rule. By collisions of particles with high kinetic energy the vibrations are so strong that no stable bondings are possible. Instead of generation of bondings the contrary occurs by high kinetic energy: Decay of particles. This is verified by test facilities for nuclear fusion where particles have extreme high kinetic energy (high temperature): Not any nuclear fusion occurs but just decay reactions which are nuclear fission reactions of deuterons and tritons to protons and neutrons.
Physicists have no clear definition what they mean with cooling down of universe. The only definition which makes sense and is scientifically sound is: decrease of average kinetic energy of the particles in universe. Particles can only be fundamental particles because these were the first particles. (By New Physics/ SURe there is exclusively one type of fundamental particle which is the electron). If particles have high kinetic energy they have to reduce this (“cool down”) in order to bind to other particles, which means they have to transfer kinetic energy to other particles. Physicists are aware of this thermodynamic rule: Kinetic energy can only be transferred from a particle with high kinetic energy to particle with low kinetic energy.
Now the big bang theory has a severe problem: There are no particles with low energy! So according to big bang theory no cooling of universe is possible and by this no generation of subatomic or atomic matter. According to big bang theory all particles would have now the same high average kinetic energy as these had directly after generation. In addition there would be no other matter in universe than fundamental particles. So we observe billions of falsifications of big bang theory each minute.
The only possible way of generation of the universe is that fundamental particles with low average kinetic energy have been generated. Only by this the well-known basic particles could have been generated (neutrinos, protons, neutrons, atoms, molecules). There was a “cold boot” of the universe.
Comment: This and next chapter are more detailed described in Vol.1.
Observations:
Our universe is a closed 3 dimensional space filled with matter
Matter are particles, which are bound spin energies and can transfer spin energy to vibration energy and vice versa. This are the only actions particles can do.
Requirements for generation of universe:
Generation of the universe starts at zero matter and zero energy
Generation of the universe has to be conform to all observations (Universal Principles)
Constant and closed 3-dimensional space has to be available
Constant time intervals have to be available.
Generation of universe requires no energy
Postulates of modern physics:
Current postulates of physics (=big bang theory) are impossible, inconsistent and have no scientific basis.
New Physics/ SURe:
Universe is formed by one type of specific spin energy which is called fundamental particle (FP)
Generation of matter is done by generation of pairs of FPs where one particle has a specific spin energy and the other has same amount of reverse spin energy (spinning in opposite direction). Opposite spin energies can be regarded as positive and negative energy with a sum of zero energy.
Generation of two opposite spinning FPs does not need energy when these are generated by separation along their spinning axes.
The only requirement for generation of pairs of particles is that there is space without any particles. Therefore generation of particles occurred everywhere in space and stopped immediately after generation.
There is no preferred spin axis for generation of particles. So the spin axes and movements of FPs were random after generation.
Reverse reaction is the complete superposition of two FP, which can regarded as impossible: For this FPs have to collide by hitting exactly both spin axis of FPs. The chance is 1 to “infinite” as there are “infinite” possibilities to get touched.
Generated FPs do interactions exclusively by Universal Principles, which means they can react to bound elementary particles.
There is no further generation of particles as for this empty space is required, which is not available in our universe.
After generation of fundamental particles (FPs) the FPs reacted by formation of bondings to elementary particles. According to Universal Principles collisions of FPs caused first generation of electron-neutrinos: FP + FP → electron-neutrino (2 FP), then electron-neutrinos reacted to muon-neutrinos: e-n + e-n = muon-neutrino (4 FP). Of course also other particles like muons and pions were generated, but these were/ are not stable. This occurred in relative short time.
Formation of protons and neutrons is initiated by reactions of muon-neutrinos with electrons. The concentration of electrons in early universe was relative high because of high temperature. The reactions occurs via following reaction steps:
Muon-neutrino (4FPs) + FP → charged pion (5FPs)
Comment: muon-neutrino has 3 FPs with free options for bondings. By bonding of a FP to one of these (=step 1) the other two bonding options are activated to react with other muon-neutrino (=step2+3). Under normal conditions of ONs like on earth the reaction is not likely as the concentration of free FPs are too low
Charged pion (5FPs) + muon-neutrino (4FPs) → charged kaon (9FPs)
This reaction generates a hexagonal ring by two bondings . Attached to the hexagonal ring are one single FP and one double FP.
Charged pion (5FPs) + charged pion (5FPs) → neutron (10FPs)
Charged kaon (9FPs) + muon-neutrino (4FPs) → proton (13FPs)
This reaction closes a cap by formation of three attached hexagonal rings.
Proton (13 FPs) + electron (1FP) → neutron (10 FPs) + muon-neutrino (4FPs)
Proton + electron + chain of muon-neutrinos → hydrogen atom
Hydrogen atom + hydrogen atom → hydrogen molecule
Reaction rates depend on kinetic energy and concentration of first particles (=fundamental particles). Both are unknown and can’t be predicted.
So New Physics/ SURe can djust following best guess of time frames up to 30% completeness of reaction:
Reactions to muon-neutrinos from milliseconds up to an hour
Reactions to hydrogen from day up to month
Reactions to stars about 10,000 years.
First radiation (emitted muon-neutrinos = RNs) occurs continuously after generation of muon-neutrinos mostly in high and low energetic form. In medium energetic form including light by generation of stars. There has been no specific time for increased generation of radiation. There are no events which would explain generation of CMB radiation. The postulates concerning CMB have not any scientific basis.
There has to be a limit of space in universe. Otherwise the universe cannot be explained by physics. But now we have the problem that the limit cannot be explained by physics. So there is enough room for creating theories outside the universe, but there is no room for theories within the limits of the universe. New Physics/SURe even describes the part of the limit which is within the universe: It can be assumed that the limits of the universe have a spherical form because of homogeneous distribution of matter. It has a high probability that the limits belong to the regions where ONs have lowest kinetic energy (regions with lowest “temperature” in universe). Therefore ONs freeze to neutrinium. Freezing is in addition favored by surface effect. Attached to the inner side of neutrinium layer there is a layer of liquid neutrinium, which probably has a large thickness. So the limits causes same effects as supermassive neutrino stars. All radiation is transferred to emissions of ONs, which might still create diffuse radiation which has too less intensities to be observable. If celestial bodies are colliding to the limit these create energetic effects to the liquid neutrinium which causes evaporation of ONs at the travel front of celestial bodies. The released ONs cause gravitational acceleration to the opposite side of traveling. The result is that celestial bodies are reflected at the limit.
Current hypotheses:
Gravitational waves are like electromagnetic waves matterless transversal waves.
Gravitational waves are generated by accelerated movements of celestial bodies.
Propagation speed of gravitational waves are identical to speed of light.
Gravitational waves can be observed over long distances like it is the case for light.
New Physics/ SURe:
There is not any matterless physical phenomenon in universe. Gravitational waves are identical to electromagnetic waves: Both types of waves do not exist and therefore both are not observable and have never been observed. But pulsed emissions of radiation can cause wavelike effects, which are wavelike variations of intensities (concentration) and/or energies of muon-neutrinos. These are can be and are called micro waves, radio waves or gravitational waves. Is the same principle as sound waves, except that particles for sound waves are molecules and no muon-neutrinos. All these waves are longitudinal waves. Mostly there is just one strong amplitude by a sudden release of radiation. This can also be called cosmic shockwave.
The requirement of accelerated movement does not make sense at all. By all kind of movements a celestial body has to build up continuously new gravitational fields which fit to the changed positions. Also the generation of radiation needs no accelerated movements. This can easily be verified. + of celestial bodies are too slow to generate gravitational waves.
Gravitational waves based on shockwaves by RNs propagate with speed of light.
“Real” gravitational waves travel like sonic waves, which means they loose energy and thus have a very limitted observation distance.
Therefore it can be excluded that gravitational waves can be observed, which are generated in other galaxies.
Background:
In 2016 physicists have detected gravitational waves. Research facilities in the US states of Washington and Louisiana measured simultaneously signals from cosmos by large gravitational interferometers.
This can be regarded as one of the most important discoveries in history of science.
Observation:
The interferometers showed periodic signals within a time frame of milliseconds. The magnitude of observed gravitational amplitude is below size of a proton.
Current hypotheses:
Observed signals are due to gravitational waves, which have been generated by high rotation frequency of a binary system of neutrino stars (=black holes) shortly before these collide.
Impossibility of hypothesis:
It can be assumed that every scientist who reviews the basic data will come to the conclusion that it is impossible that the observed signals refer to the postulated gravitational. The frequencies are much too high that these can be generated by orbital frequencies. In addition the form of signals can’t be worse to match to current theory of gravitational waves.
It is really bad but understandable that physicists dare to tell such absurd stories to the public. They have no other choice. They are forced to do this by the current autocratic business system of physics. So not any criticism for the physicists who did a fantastic job. They have detected an incredible small but apparently significant signal of gravitational waves. There is just one scientific explanation for the observed shockwaves: The origin of the “gravitational waves are air showers in which the particle cascades have been generated in separated steps until absorption. The postulate of rotating neutrino stars by this high frequency is absurd:
High frequency is impossible
A rotating binary system of neutrino-stars is impossible.
Binary systems with such rotation frequencies have never been observed.
A merge of neutrino-stars cannot even emit a shockwave as gravitational wave, because interactions of merge are rather slow.
Observed signals are in a relative tight energetic range. The variation of observed signals would be much larger if these would be originated by merge of neutrino stars as the masses of neutrino stars have a much broader variance.
Postulated losses of mass have all nearly the same percentage, which has a probability near zero (=impossible).
Most severe fraud is the title of the publication:
“Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger”
This shows that we have urgently to learn at school, that scientific work has to be done by scientific method. Although this has been generally accepted by scientists, nobody follows the basic rules: describe observations without assumptions and look for general scientific rules to explain the observation. There is nearly no scientific publication without severely biased descriptions of observations. So above example is normality because scientists are forced to do this by current system. They simply have to do biased observations to survive. The whole scientific system needs a complete change. Papers should only be accepted when theses are based on scientific method.
In cases of above publication, the non-biased observation is: An extreme small signal was
There are not any reasoning to chose merge of neutrino stars as originating event except to fake a verification of an impossible theory. It is very simple as neutrino stars can be found everywhere detected parallel with two instruments which created an extreme short vibration with an amplitude of a proton radius. There is not any indication that the cosmic event comes from a merge of a binary system of neutrino stars. The publisher tries to fake the reader by the note, that by the two measurement systems it is known, from which direction the wave comes. And then they state that by this they could observe the merge of a binary system of neutrino stars. In reality they observed nothing. Abut they created an event name in order that it appears real. All published data concerning merging events of stars are hypothetical data. This should be clearly communicated. Because everyone who is no scientist might think that the data refer to observations. Of course in any direction a neutrino star can be presented.
Despite the wrong interpretation the observation
This is an outstanding achievement. It is known by experiments (like ice cube) that high energetic neutrinos can generated huge cascades of energies by decay reactions. Unfortunately the autocratic system forces physicists to use for explanation completely absurd and unscientific ideas of a single person instead of explanations based on scientific principles and reliable observations of huge teams of brilliant physicists. It is an incredible desaster. Currently it is impossible for scientists to do scientific work. Mankind urgently needs the immediate return to science by New Physics!
It can be assumed that most physicists know that the existence of dark energy has a probability which is near zero because the postulate of dark energy is based on numerous other unrealistic postulates like:
Expansion of space
Accelerated expansion of space
Observed redshifts of SN-Ia show escape velocities of stars
Observed radiation curves of SN-Ia show distancies of stars.
SN-Ia supernovae have always same amount of luminescence
Stars of supernovae SN-Ia (white dwarfs) accrete matter
Increase of mass leads to increase of temperature of stars
SN-Ia is ignited by specific temperature
If just one of above postulates is no reality there is no basis for a postulate of dark energy. The reality is that none of above postulates are reality. An unexplained energy (dark energy) is not needed to describe or explain any observation. It is also very strange that there are so many postulates of physicists which violate scientific principle of energy conservation why do they have concerns for the postulate of accelerated expansion of space. Why should this need energy although according to physicists the postulate does not refer to a real movement of matter in space. The postulate of expansion of space alone is so absurd that it cannot get a higher degree of absurdity by saying that this occurs without energy. If cosmic inflation would be reality this would not need any energy because there is no matter which would take up the energy.
So the only reason which is reasonable is that dark energy has been postulated to create new tasks for research. So dark energy is no result of science but seems to be a result of business.
Observations:
Radiations from distant galaxies show absorption bands, which are strongly shifted to lower energies compared to reference radiation. This phenomenon is called red-shift.
Postulates of modern physics:
Observed red shifts are mainly caused by “escape velocities“ of galaxies relative to earth (Doppler shift).
Strong red shifts of distant galaxies show expansion of space.
New Physics/ SURe:
For basics of radiation see SURe Vol.5.
Redshifts of absorption spectral lines are caused by atoms which absorb (bind) emitted radiation of specific energy. Absorbing atoms must be in the travel path of radiation. Absorbing atoms are mainly hydrogen and helium.
Doppler effect is no optical effect but a general effect which is valid for all particles and bodies and is equivalent to the physical rule that kinetic energy is a relative property. This means kinetic energy is the energy of movement relative to another physical unit. The fatal misunderstanding of red-shifts is following:
The observer (reference) of absorption lines are not Hubble, Perlmutter and Co, but the absorbing atoms.
This means the red shifts of absorption lines are not due to escape velocities of radiating stars to earth but to escape velocities of absorbing atoms to radiating stars. This is the explanation why supernovae show extreme strong red-shift: The emitted matter by supernovae has an extreme high velocity relative to source of radiation which is at the surface of the star. Or better to say: The kinetic energy of emitted atoms is small relative to emitted RNs.
By red shifts of absorption lines we get not any information about velocities of celestial bodies. If there would be an escape velocity of galaxies this could be exclusively seen by emission spectra but not by absorption spectra. Differences of red shifts are due to different emission velocities of atoms, which means to different energies of a supernova. So the red shifts of supernova events give information of the amounts of generated energy of a supernova. It is normal that the red shifts correlate with the determined brightness of supernovae. By correlation of red shift to brightness one gets the information that supernovae with high intensities of radiation have also high velocities of emitted atoms. The red-shift- brightness correlation has nothing to do with a correlation of increasing velocity by increasing distance. There is no information about velocity or distance of star.
Conclusion: There is not any inducement to postulate such absurd phenomenons like expansion of space, acceleration of expansion of space and dark energy!
Verification:
Analyses of emission spectra will show that there are no escape velocities. Analyses of emission spectra are much more complicated than analyses of absorption spectra as there are no emission lines and complete spectral distribution has to be determined. In addition there are many other factors which have to be taken into account like temperature or red shifts by other effects.
No, not at all. If there is criticism then it is against me (the main author). I looked for a scientific explanation for the correlation of red shifts to distancies for many years. I am an expert of spectral analysis by theory and by many years of experience. I was always sure that there is no expansion of space and no dark energy. Despite of all these factors I was not able to realize the relative simple error of red shifts before 2018. The error of distancies of SN-Ia has been realized even later in May 2019. Normally I should have realized these errors immediately. So for me the late detection of misinterpretations belongs to the events in universe which occurred despite an extreme low probability.
I have to acknowledge Edwin Hubble, because he always warned for a misinterpretation of his found correlation and had strong concerns against the conclusion of expansion of space.
Observation:
The postulated expansion of space is based on following observation:
The red-shift of absorbed light from type Ia supernova correlates with changes of radiation intensities/time curve.
Comment:
The observation is reliable.
Postulates of modern physics:
Redshifts are caused by escape velocities of the star (white dwarf) on which supernova occurs.
Variable progression of radiation intensities refer to variable distance of SN-Ia.
Escape velocities of galaxies are increasing with distance.
Increasing velocities of galaxies by distance are caused by accelerated expansion of space
Due to nearly identical masses of white dwarfs the intensities of every SN-Ia is nearly the same.
Conclusion: the expansion of space accelerates.
New Physics/ SURe
Redshifts are caused by escape velocities of emitted absorbing atoms relative to white dwarf, General physical rule: Kinetic energy is proportional to relative velocities.
Variable progression of radiation intensities refer to variable intensities of SN-Ia.
Escape velocities of emitted matter are increasing with intensities of SN Ia.
There are no increasing velocities of galaxies by distance.
SN-Ia occurs by variable masses of white dwarfs which cause variable intensities of SN-Ia.
Conclusion: observations have nothing to do with velocities of galaxies, with distancies of galaxies and with expansion of space.
Observation:
Durations of SN Ia correlate with red shifts of SN-Ia
Current Hypotheses:
Oberved differences of SN-Ia duration are caused by time dilation.
New Physics/ SURe:
Time dilation is falsified by New Physics/ SURe in numerous chapters. If time intervals would not be absolutely stable all scientific work would not make sense and can be stopped right now.
Redshifts correlate with energy generation of SN-Ia and by this also to duration of SN-Ia. So the observation is a verification of SURe.
SURe has proved that there is no requirement for a minimum of mass for a white dwarf that a supernova occurs. So supernovae occurs independently from mass. White dwarfs can have masses from about 0.2 to 1.4 sun masses. So the generated energies and duration of SN-Ia can have differences which fit to the observed differences of energetic effects.
Observations:
Quasars have relative strong red shifts.
Hypothesis s of modern physics (same as for SN-Ia):
Redshifts of quasars are due to escape velocities of quasars
Escape velocities are due to expansion of space
Redshifts correlate with age of quasars
Redshift correlate with distance of quasars.
New Physics/ SURe:
Strong red shifts of quasars are caused by
Redshift of quasars are due to Doppler shifts of high velocities of absorbing emitted matter of quasars and in addition of gravitational red shifts (= High concentration of ONs on surface and surroundings of quasars).
There are no escape velocities nor expansion of space.
Redshift give not any informations of age of quasars.
Redshifts give not any information of distance of quasars.
Explanations
Quasars are neutrino stars with extreme strong emissions of radiation and other matter. Strong radiation is caused by collisions with ordinary matter and decay reactions. The extreme strong generated kinetic energy of decay reactions cause extreme high escape velocities of absorbing matter.
Like all neutrino stars quasars emit (below their high energetic radiation) also low energetic radiation (= low energetic ONs). This causes that the concentration of ONs is extreme high around a quasar. The strong concentration of ONs causes a strong gravitational red-shift for emitted radiation of quasars.
The postulate of modern physics that gravitational red-shift is caused by gravitational force is no physical reality. Gravitational red shifts are energetic effects which are caused by high concentrations of ONs. Gravitational red shifts are by far the most relevant effects for red shifts of emission spectra of all compact stars like white dwarfs, neutron stars or neutrino stars. Ages of stars have neither direct nor indirect correlations to red shifts.
Falsifications of hypotheses of modern physics:
Quasars in same galaxies show significantly different red shifts.
Blue shift of Andromeda galaxy (not determined by quasars)
The postulated age of the universe (13.8 billion years) has no scientific basis, resp. a wrong basis because it is based on non- existing expansion of space (universe). As ages of stars currently are also determined by red shifts, most published ages in cosmos are not correct or at least not reliable.
The only possibility to estimate ages in cosmos is to compare with observed duration of actions.
As already mentioned there would be a decreasing concentration of ONs, if there would be an infinite size or an expansion of space. This would change the speed of light by time which has not been observed. But according to SURe the concentration of ONs is slowly increasing as all matter reacts to ONs. Until now this has not been verified. This is due to the fact that there is a very small relative change of ONs concentration because the ratio of ONs to other matter is above 99%.
Comments:
Currently physics has no consistent definitions of universe and space of universe.
In SURe the nominations of “space“ and “cosmos“ are equivalent with universe. There is no empty space. All space is filled with matter, mainly ONs.
Mass of universe:
Total inertial or gravitational mass of the universe is not constant because these depend on structures of particles. The number of fundamental particles is constant.
Energy of universe:
The total energy of the universe is zero and constant by time.
Form of the universe:
The form of the universe is not known, but it might be possible to define it in future although this is no relevant information for our universe. If the form has been generated “naturally“ it is probably spherical.
Observation of the limit of the universe?
This might be possible. It can be assumed that the earth is not in the middle of the space of the universe. So there might be directions, where is more matter than to other directions. Recently an unusual large void has been observed, which might be the limit of the universe.
What does finite size of universe mean?
There is something beyond our universe, which we can't observe and can't understand. New Physics/ SURe can just say that our universe has frontiers where it ends. But mankind will never get any information about that what is beyond our universe.
So there still remains something magic despite scientific universal reality.
It seems that the only sense of the huge size of the universe and other design elements like ONs is to make it difficult for human beings to detect that they are quasi “imprisoned“.
But this a confusing term, it should be changed to protonium star. Here it will still be called neutron star.
All Rights: Dr. O. Vogel , J. Vogel / A.Vogel ; Unabhängige Forschungsgemeinschaft UFG/ Germany
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