SURe VOL. A: SURe of Astrophysics
Update: 20-04-2024
Planned next update: 07-05-2024
Content
A1 General Research of Astrophysics 5
A1.1 Astrophysical Research is limited to Spectroscopy 5
A1.2 Emitted and absorbed Energies are different 5
A1.3 The Explanation of broad continuous Ranges of Energies 5
A1.4 The dependency of atomic radiation on Temperature 6
A1.5 Scientific Explanation of dependency on Temperature 6
A1.6 The wrong Theory of Frequencies 6
A1.7 SURe of Emission Spectra of Stars 6
A1.8 Emission Spectrum of Hydrogen is a Fraud against Science 7
A1.9 Spectral Measurements of Stars 8
A1.9.1 Informations by Absorption Lines of Sun 8
A1.9.2 Informations by Shifts of Absorption Lines 8
A1.9.3 Determination of relative velocities of stars 8
A1.9.4 Doppler Effect falsified Einsteins Theory of Relativity 9
A1.9.5 The Reality of Doppler Effect 9
A1.9.6 The Influence of Scattering on Spectra 10
A1.10 Spectral Measurements of Galaxies 10
A1.10.1 The questionable diagram of Hubble 10
A1.10.2 The Errors of Expansion of Cosmos and Dark Energy 11
A1.10.3 Spectra of Galaxies require Scientific Research 11
A1.10.4 The real Red-shifts of Galaxies 12
A1.9.8 A magic Energy to stick to impossible Expansion of Space 12
A1.11 Influence of Gravitation on Photons 12
A1.11.1 No Gravitational Red-shifts 12
A1.11.2 Velocities are changed by Gravitation 13
A1.11.3 Deflection by Gravitation 13
A1.12 Wrong Understanding of Radio Radiation 13
A2 The Generation of celestial Bodies 13
A2.1 The Generation of Hydrogen 13
A2.2 Observations concerning Generation of Stars 14
A2.3 Explanation of Generation of Stars 14
A2.3 Gravitational Collapse is physically impossible 15
A2.3 The very specific Structure of the Matter of Stars 15
A2.4 The first scientific description of the Nucleation Process 16
A3. First Description of Energy Generation of Stars 16
A3.1 Decay of Photon Chains by Nucleation 16
A3.2 The generation of magnetic fields 17
A3.3 The burst out of magnetic Fields 17
A3.4. The Ignition of Stars 17
A4 SURe of Supernovae 18
A4.1 Observations of a Supernova 18
A4.2 Supernova is no Gravitational Collapse 18
A4.3 The correct Timing of a Supernova 18
A4.4 The Requirement for Ignition of Supernova 19
A4.6 All current Theories of SUPERNOVAE have to be eliminated 20
A4.7 Example of spectral Data 20
A4.8 REACTIONS OF SUPERNOVAE 20
A4.9 Explanation of Progress of Supernova 21
A4.10 Current physically impossible Explanations of Supernovae 21
A4.11 Nonsense of current different theories for Supernova 22
A4.12 Explanation of Generation of a Neutron Star as Remnant 22
A4.12.R Revision concerning Neutron Star from April 2024 23
A4.13 No Increase of Rotation Velocity by Supernova 23
A5 First scientific Explanation of Sun System 23
A5.1 Explanation Generation of all Atoms by Supernova 23
A5.2 Generation of Molecules by Supernova 24
A5.3 Petroleum and Natural Gas are no fossil Fuels 24
A5.4 Requirements for Generation of Star System 25
A5.5 First scientific Explanation of Generation of Planets 25
A6 Descriptions of different Stars 25
A6.1 General Definition of a Star 25
A6.2 Classification of stars 26
A6.3 Visible Spectral Classification does not make Sense 26
A6.4 Temperatures of Stars can‘t be measured 26
A7 Specific Stars 27
A7.1 Scientific Description of a White Dwarf 27
A7.2 Scientific Description of Giant Stars 27
A7.3 Scientific Description of Cepheid Variables 28
A7.4 First scientific Description of Pulsars 29
A7.5 First scientific Description of Magnetars 30
A8 First scientific Description of a Black Hole 30
A8.1 A Black Hole is no Hole but also no Star 30
A8.2 Black holes devour lots of stuff for rapid growths 31
A8.3 Black Holes stabilize Temperature of Space 31
A8.5 Stellar Black Holes do not exist 31
8.6 Black Holes are relative inactive 32
A8.7 First Explanation of Gravitational Force 32
A8.8 First Explanation of gravitational Force by a Black Hole 33
A8.9 First Explanation of the galactic Bulge 33
A8.10 The measurements of the slow orbital Velocities 34
8.11 Science Fiction has more Value than Observation 34
A8.11 The falsification of Gravitation in outer Orbits 35
A8.12 The manipulated Picture of a Black Hole 35
A8.13 Many physically impossible theories for black holes 35
A8.14 Real Activities of Black Holes
A9 Physically impossible Theories of orbital Movements 36
A9.1 The Reason for non-understanding of Orbits 36
A9.2 The absurd Theory of elliptical Orbits 37
A9.3 Occult of orbits instead of admit missing Explanations 37
A9.4 The antiscientific Use of Mathematics 38
A9.5 Mathematics proves non- existing elliptical orbits 38
A9.6 No valid Laws for orbital Movements 38
A9.7 Orbits are not influenced by other Planets 38
A9.8 The only Explanation of non-circular Orbits 39
A10 Irregular Gravitation proves SURe – New Physics 39
A10.1 Explanation of Irregular Gravitation by orbiting 39
A10.2 First Explanation of Orbit of Earth 40
A10.3 First Explanation of Prehelion Precession of Mercury 41
A10.4 Current Explanations of Tides are a Farce 41
A10.5 First and only Explanations of Tides 42
A10.6 Moon gravitation has no impact on Earth 42
A10.7 The absurd theory of a double Star System 42
A10.7 The real Bridge to the Moon 43
A10.8 And the Bondings to Earth? 43
A10.9 Newton’s wrong Formular of Gravitation 43
A11 First scientific Description of Galaxies 44
A11.1 Scientific Description of Quasars 44
A11.2 The wrong Formula for Luminosity of stars 45
A11.3 First Explanation of the spiral Form of most Galaxies 45
A11.4 First Explanation of the Generation of spiral Arms 45
A12 Other non-existing Phenomenons 46
A12.1 The Error of an astrophysical Jet 46
A12.2 The Error of Accretion Disk 46
Nearly all knowledge of astrophysics has to be derived by spectroscopic data. Spectroscopic data refer to the detection and measurement of particles (mostly photons) which are emitted from matter (mostly celestial bodies) in space. By emission spectroscopic the kinetic energies and the intensities of emitted photons of stars are measured; by absorption spectroscopy it is measured which part of emitted photons are bonded again. By time dependent measurements the movements of celestial bodies or other interactions can be observed.
Research is strongly impaired by totally wrong understanding of energies of absorbed and emitted photons. Current theory is that the kinetic energies of emitted and absorbed photons result from transfers between two discrete energetic states of matter. In addition to the current theory that there is a preferred minimal energetic state (which is similar to SURe-New Physics). By this absorbed photons should generally have same energies as emitted photons.
The scientific reality is that absorption and emission of photons refer to bonding and decay reactions of photons with atoms. By laws of Nature each reaction requires activation by a minimal collision energy. These are always different for absorption and decay, Thus also the absorbed and emitted photons have generally different energies. This is conform to all observations.
Reflected photons mostly have same energies. But this is a different process.
Besides different absorption and emission peaks there are often broad continuous energetic ranges (bands) of absorption and emission of photons. Also these ranges are different.
Although this is verified by all spectroscopic measurements, the theory of discrete energetic states has not been eliminated. Per definition this is antiscience.
Most emitted photons decayed from chains of bound photons which are bonded to atomic nuclei. As each chain consists of several hundred thousand photons with very small different energies, the emitted spectra generally do not show lines but broad bands, even if there is just one element like hydrogen. Exclusively photons which are emitted by decay of a single direct bonding to an atomic nucleus have specific energies and cause sharp spectral lines. These sharp lines can be used for identifications and quantization of atoms by spectroscopic measurements. The non-specific reactions of atomic photon chains are filtered out.
It has been early discovered by Max Planck that the energies of emitted photons depend on temperature and that the energies have continuous values in a broad range which is increased to higher energies by higher temperature. Beyond this continuous broad energetic range like X-ray or gamma-photons emitted photons have specific energies. This observations can’t be explained by current theory.
Each reactions has to be activated by collisions of particles. In most reactions the collision energy is transferred to kinetic energy of decayed and emitted particles. This is also the case for decays of atomic photon chains to photons. By increasing temperature the collision energies of colliding atoms increase. By this also the kinetic energies of emitted photons increase. Every physicists know that kinetic energies can have all kind of natural values.
All particles are bound electrons. The bondings of electrons do vibrations and thus have a frequency of vibrations. But frequencies of vibrations are not proportional to energies of vibration. Scientists know that energies of vibration correlate to amplitudes of vibrations.
All theories about electromagnetic waves are results of physically impossibles science fiction and should be deleted as soon as possible.
Nearly all stars have such a high temperature that these emit a continuous energy spectrum in the visible range, which results to a clear nearly white spectrum. So all stars including our sun emits nearly white light.
This means that current theory that the temperature of a star can be determined by its color is wrong.
The shift from the white color to first yellow and then nearly red is caused by scattering of visible photons by molecules and “dust”.
Other results of continuous emission spectra of all “usual”stars are:
* There are no emission lines, which can be analyzed whether there are shifts like redshifts.
* It is not possible to determine any atoms in a star by visible spectrum of emissions. .
Current statement is, that the emission spectrum of hydrogen can be calculated by the possible energetic transitions of the apparent electron from a higher energetic state to a lower energetic state. It has already been mentioned that this is physically impossible science fiction. There are no energetic states and there are no electrons which occupy these energetic states. Physicist have already falsified the theory of atomic electrons and therefore had made up atomic models without electrons. (SURe-New-Physics Vol. Q = Quantum Physics).
By theory it is possible to excite hydrogen by exactly the calculated energy in order to get the corresponding emission of photons at this level. This can be done for example by electronic excitation, as it is done in fluorescent lamps.
Experiments verify SURe-New Physics and falsify current theories. Excited specific energies will not result to emission of photons with the excited energy. Experiments have shown that excitation of hydrogen causes mostly two sharp emission bands at 657 nm and 486 nm and a broad range of emitted photons with nearly comtinuous energies.
According to SURe-New Physics there should be two sharp bands, which are caused by decays of photons from proton. The broad band is caused by decay of the chain of photons.
Balmer did something extremely unscientific. He measured the energies of emitted photons and by try and error he searched a calculation formula that was conform to the measured energies. Of course the formula has no scientific background and is just a product of playing games with numbers. He also could only adjust formula to two energies. Unexplained is why pure hydrogen does not show the H-alpha, whereas hydrogen with water does. So there is a strong indication that the H-alpha line is caused by absorption of a photon on moisture.
A scientist has to show an emission spectrum instead of some a constructed emission lines which is a subjective selection. It is a fraud against science that despite of lots of experiments scientists show pictures with assigned energy transfers of energetic states.
1814 the wavelength of absorption lines of sun light were systematically mapped by Joseph von Fraunhofer. Later measurements identified about 1000 different lines. It can clearly be seen by spectral curves, that only few lines are caused by by absorption, but most appear to be absorption lines but in reality are usual variations of continuous emission lines. Real absorption peaks in sun spectrum have following causes:
* Absorption by protons (H-nuclei) and diprotons (=alpha-particle = He-nucleus), which have a high concentration near the sun and react by absorption of photons to hydrogen and helium.
* Absorption lines by O2, N2 and H2O, which do photolysis reactions (dissociation) by absorption of photons in in earth atmosphere
* Absorbtion lines by decay reactions of atoms like Na in measuring equipment like glass lenses and prism.
Physically impossible and thus not real are following statements:
* Absorption lines are caused by gases in atmosphere of sun. (Reason: There are no gases in atmosphere of sun).
* Absorption lines are caused by other atomic nuclei in sun. (Reason: There are no relevant emissions of heavier atomic nuclei)
The same is valid for all stars and galaxies.
There are very different causes which results to shifts of absorption or emission lines. Therfore there are also different informations by these. Below items are valid for star light, but in principle also for all light sources.
It is well known that that the energies (currently frequencies) of absorption and emission lines are shifted by different relative movements between source and observer. This phenomenon is called optical Doppler effect. When the distance between observer and source increases the kinetic energies of photons decrease, when the distance decreases the kinetic energies increase. Thus by measurements of the magnitude of shifts of absorption or emission lines the relative velocities of stras relativ to earth can be measured. In particular the orbits of stars can be measured.
Above is mentioned that the apparent frequency of light changes by changing the distance between source and observer. The knowledge that speed of light is constant results to the conclusion that the light speed depends on distance between source and observer. In other words: The constancy of light speed implies that the relative light speed is not constant. It varies in the same order as the relative frequency of light.
So the Doppler effect but also logical thinking falsifies the axiom of theory of relativity, that not only the light speed is constant but also the relative light speed is constant, which is absurd and paradox.
The reality is that Doppler Effect is no special effect but just the knowledge that frequency of electromagnetic waves is an inappropriate synonym for kinetic energy of photons and that kinetic energy is a relative property and never an absolute property of an object. This means that an absolute velocity cannot be determined but just the relative velocity to another object.
Speed of light is only constant relative to the constant medium (omnipresent photons, formerly ether) through which light and other radiated photons propagate. This was also the logic thinking of Michelson and Morley, when they tried to verify the ether wind by an interferometer. Unfortunately they thought that the velocity of ether wind is very strong. SURe is that the ether is generated by most celestial bodies so that it moves with the earth on surface but without following the motion of self rotation. Thus the ether wind on earth equals just the relatively small velocity of earth rotation. The few measurements by Michelson and Morley were not sufficient for a significant verification of the low value of ether speed.
But some years later Dayton Miller did about 200.000 measurements by interferometer which significantly proved that the ether velocity is not zero.
Einstein discredited the measurements of Miller, but in later years these were verified. Impressive verification is the influence of ether wind on run times of atomic clocks and by direct measurements of the ether (omnipresent photons). Instead of ether the misleading term cosmic microwave background (CMB) and the correct term 3-Kelvin – photons were used.
CMB measurements even verified that on earth surface the speed of ether wind equals earth rotation and measurement by satellite showed the strong wind of the movement through milky way.
Instead of using the old term “effect of ether wind” or the scientific term “kinetic effect of average linear movement of omnipresent photons” the term “Doppler effect of CMB” was used as side note in the publication.
This clearly shows the typical dogma of current physical research: Do no publication which might disclose the physical reality of the universe!
Nearly all research findings since many centuries are affected by this dogma. Scientific research has been banned.
In the case of CMB and time dilation this refers to the detection that there is an omnipresent matter which consists of low energetic photons, which clearly shows different movements by which speed of light is directly changed.
It is well known that there are in addition to specific absorption effects there are scattering effects on visible spectra of stars by propagation through areas where there are molecules. This is for example the case for the spectras of sun between different times of a day. The spectra in blue range strongly decreases from noon to evening or morning, which causes a significant red shift. Sun spectra from satellites or from moon even show much stronger intensities in blue regions than on earth surface at moon. This results by a shift of all visible photons to reduced kinetic energies by scattering.
1929 Edwin Hubble published a paper about his studies of luminescence measurements of galaxies. By these measurements he estimated relative distances of galaxies. Then he correlated these estimated data to velocity data for which the origin is not quite clear. According to the published diagram galaxies do accelerated escape velocities by increasing distances.
Very positive about Hubble was that when he got aware that his colleagues did physically impossible conclusion of accelerated expansion of space, he warned them, that there might be other explanations.
Very negative was that Hubble did not include the most important information which are the basic observations by which the relative velocities of the galaxies have been determined. Without resenting the basic observations a publication does not have any scientific value. Because of this, not any conclusion is allowed by the published diagram.
Thus the main fault is done by physical scientists who did physical impossible interpretations of these non-reliable data:
* the accelerated escape velocity of galaxies by increasing distance,
* the accelerated escape velocities are caused by accelerated expansion of the universe,
* the existenc of dark energy which is causing the accelerated expansion of the universe.
These interpretations can be called physical impossible science fiction or antiscience because such phenomena are contrary to observations and fundamental Natural laws of Nature.
Meanwhile lots of very accurate spectra of galaxies are available, which is an excellent research performance. Some spectra show clear absorption lines, some clear emission lines and some both. Many peaks are weak and less reliable.
A bad research performance is that physically impossible metallic atoms are assigned as cause for the absorption and emission lines. It is physically impossible that metallic atoms are emitted out of galaxies in detectable concentrations. It also can be clearly seen that spectra are not suitable to determine shifts of energies, which means to calculate shifts of energies.
Before drawing any conclusions, extensive research has to be done so that any absorption or emission peak is scientifically explained:
* An emission peak can exclusively be explained by a specific decay reaction of a photon which is bonded to a nucleus.
* An absorption peak can exclusively be explained by a specific bonding reaction of a photon to a nucleus or another particle.
A shift of energies of spectral lines have to be shown by all lines which are caused by galaxy and not by subjectively chosen lines..
The spectra are much more complicated than it is presented in physics books by manually constructed spectra with clear appearance of absorption lines. Such a wrong illusion should not be presented in a scientific paper, because it is not realistic. It would take many months of extensive work to find logical explanations for each observed difference of peaks of spectra. There are so many unexplained questions that not any conclusion can be drawn by spectral lines.
Like the energies of all visible photons of sun are reduced by increased scattering effects of molecules of earth atmosphere by increased pathlength through atmosphere also the energies of visible photons from light of galaxies are reduced by increasing path length through inner. And intergalactical molecular clouds. Thus the blue color is significantly reduced by increasing distance to earth.
It is well known that visible photons are impacted by scattering, which occur by heavier nucleons. Scattering means that photons are reflected by which their kinetic energy is partly transferred to nucleus and the visible photon gets lower energies. Scattered photons first are reflected to various sides but by this other photons with directed direction collide to these so that their propagation direction is adjusted again to the normal direction. Overall all energies of visible photons are reduced which is called redshift.
As molecular clouds also cause absorptions, the number of absorption lines also increases by increasing distance of galaxies.
If there are strong absorption lines theses probably are due to measuring device. Matter of absorption is for example the used prisma for dispersion or used glas lenses.
Most shown spectra are extremely unscientific fakes, because absorption lines have been manually added.
This is the only scientific explanation of the increase of red-shift by increasing distances. Of course the expansion of the universe is physically impossible and a magic dark energy does not exist.
Gravitational Red-shifts or generally shifts of kinetic energies by movements of photons through different areas of gravitation is physically impossible. Value of kinetic energy of objects can only be changed by acceleration and acceleration is done by collisions. Gravtitation id cauded by collisions of omnipresent photons. But radiated photons have much heigher energy than omnipresent photons so that these are penetrated without increase of value of kinetic energy,
Penetration of gravitational fields change velocities, because gravitational fields are caused by gradients of concentrations of omnipresent photons. When radiated photons penetrate through less concentrated photons the velocities increase because of less penetrated photons. The opposite is also valid. Penetration of photons is the explanation why there is a constant maximal speed of moving photons although their kinetic energies might be different.
Although penetration does not cause a acceleration of value of kinetic energy it can cause change direction of kinetic energy. This is the case when the penetrated photons have same spin direction, which means are bound. Bound photons are for example magnetic fields. Therefore radiated photons are deflected by magnetic fields to the direction of magnetic field lines.
Another error of current physics is the statement that radio radiation refers to photons. SURe is that radio radiation refers to emissions of electron-pairs. This explains the advantage of doing measurements by electron-pairs: As these are smaller than photons these penetrate most molecules in space and in atmosphere. Therefore these can be measured in cases where photons cannot be seen because of absorption by galactical atomic clouds.
Photons are always accompanied by electron-pairs, as there is always a very low concentration of photons which decay to electron-pairs. Another advantage of electron-pairs is that these can be detected in very low concentrations. Collisions to iron sensors (antenna) directly causes decay to two electrons.
This is the explanation why temperature can be contactlessly measured by electric sensors and why omnipresent photons can be measured by CMB (Cosmic Microwave Background).
New Physics/ SURe has knowledge about all reaction equilibria and structures since generation of electrons in universe:
Electron (e) + electron → electron-pair (2e)
Electron-pair (2e) + electron-pair → photon (4e)
Photon (4e) + electron → pion (5e)
Pion (5e) + photon (4e) → kaon (9e)
Kaon (9e) + electron → neutron (10e)
Neutron (10e) + photon (4e) → proton(13e) + electron
Proton + X photons → hydrogen atom
Hydogen atom + hydrogen atom → hydrogen molecule
Following observations Physicists have done concerning generation of stars:
Stars are generated within a surrounding of interstellar molecular clouds, which contain mainly hydrogen molecules.
Temperature of molecular clouds is between 10 and 20 K.
Clouds which have a dark shape hinder that light from stars penetrate the cloud, which is a strong indication that the cloud consists of water drops or ice particles.
The shape of clouds of gas molecules and clouds of liquid drops or ice particles are relative stable.
The local stability of a cloud shows that there has to be force which prevents that molecules don’t drive apart into space. This can be explained by an increased concentration of omnipresent photons, which stabilize the shape of the cloud by fluctuating bonding and decay reactions and connections of different hydrogen particles by chain structures.
There are also no indications that stars grow by collisions of small celestial bodies. Around generated stars there are clouds, by which it is impossible to observe generation.
The clouds disappear by time and the generated stars can be seen, which have already been ignited. The clouds probably disappear by heating from generated star.
Stars are generated by freezing of hydrogen clouds. It is well known hydrogen gas molecules condense to liquid water (drops) at about 21K and freeze at 14 K. Space has a temperature of about 2.7 K.
The freezing or crystallization to a solid occurs by statistical collisions of hydrogen particles, by which mostly bondings are built. Thus the growing of a solid hydrogen crystal is mostly done by collision and bondings. The process of freezing should be easy testable by low temperatures, low kinetic energies and if possible no gravitational force. It is well known that crystallization is preferably done on the largest body which is already frozen. The reason is that the vibration energies are lower. Thus a very large object can be generated by statistical collisions. Of course the concentration of the hydrogen cloud should not get lower. This is maintained by permanent bonding- and decay-interactions of hydrogen with omnipresent photons. This leads to an increased concentration of omnipresent photons and at the same time the maintaining of concentration of H2 molecules. Thus there is nearly no support of growing to a star by collisions of frozen large crystals.
New Physics/ SURe explains that freezing of hydrogen results to a very stable structure with proton-proton bondings. The generated hexagon structure is very stable and causes many specific characteristics of frozen hydrogen.
The generation of stars can well be tested by copy the freezing process of hydrogen by an adequate equipment, which can hold vacuum and cools down the temperature to 10K in vacuum and if possible creates weightlessness.
The main and most important rule of a natural science is that nothing in universe is done by magical forces, which means no impacts to an object are possible without touching an object.
Only by collisions energy can be transferred to an object by forces. Thus all current made-up fictive forces are magics but no science. The only force in universe may also sound magics, but it can be logically explained and this force is conform to all interactions in universe. (SURe-New Physics Vol. W, Weltformel).
Most forces, which are not seen by eyes, are done by collisions of omnipresent photons. In order that an object exerts gravitational forces it has to generate permanently high and consistent intensities of omnipresent photons. (SURe-New Physics Vol. G , Gravitation) This is only the case for celestial bodies like black holes, stars and planets and moons. This is not the case for smaller objects. Thus particles in a cloud do not exert a gravitational force. But omnipresent photons hold the particles of a cloud together.
Correct is that in center of stars stars like our sun a bonding of protons occur, which should not be called nuclear fusion because fusion gives the impression that there is heat. By logical laws of physics bondings generally require cold temperatures Otherwise the bondings would not be stable because of the strong amplitudes of vibrations. It is known by physicists that all particles do bondings below a specific temperature. The specific temperature is called freezing temperature. Freezing temperature of hydrogen is below 14 degrees. Thus hydrogen clearly freezes in space because space temperature is 2.7 K. Frozen structure of hydrogen is nearly the same as the frozen structure of H2O which is explained in P10.5.6. Freezing results to a net of hexagons and each hexagon consists of 6 triangles. Each side of triangles and hexagons is a linear proton - photon-chain -proton structure. Each edge of hexagons and triangles is a hexagon of direct proton bondings. This structure is very stable otherwise there would be additional proton-proton bondings.
The requirement for additional proton-proton bondings (= polymerization of protons or nucleation) is that there has to be a temperature which is low enough so that nucleation occurs and which is high enough that particles do movements with collisions which provide the activation energy for further nucleation. Nucleation is also supported by the high pressure.
The nucleation still has a very low reaction rate. This explains the known fact, that stars produce constant energy for a very long time.
Nucleation is a further polymerization reaction or protons after generation of the stable nucleation structure by freezing. For further nucleation an even colder temperature is needed, as the additional proton-proton bondings are less stable. But there are no differences in stability of additional bondings. This means these are independent from the number of already occurred bondings. This results to the fact that current theory of successive generation of nucleated products is impossible. There is no complete nucleation to helium before the next nucleation reaction starts and so on. That would be extremely unusual for a polymerization reaction.
In stars are always different grades of atomic nuclei at the same time, these are statistically distributed.
As high pressure favors nucleation so that in center of stars the nucleation has an increased rate.
The highly nucleated matter is called by SURe protonium. The other matter of stars can be called protonium - hydrogen mixture.
All relevant processes of energy generations in universe refer to decay of bound photon structures, mostly photon-chains.
Before this occurs there are some other reactions in stars. The first reaction is the additional nucleation of protons after freezing of hydrogen. By an additional proton-proton bonding the before bonded photon chain breaks off from each proton. The photon chains move towards the surface to lower concentration.
When photon chains collide to other photon chains they bind to longer photon chains so that, when surface is reached there are huge structures of proton chains, which are equivalent to magnetic fields. Directly below the surface the magnetic fields are stopped by the dense surface structure of frozen hydrogen which covers the surface of a star.
The magnetic fields gather below the membrane of frozen hydrogen and build-up pressure until the pressure is strong enough to break up the surface membrane. By this the magnetic fields burst out of the surface with very high kinetic energy. This is seen as huge flares. Smaller magnetic fields are emitted from surface by magnetic bubbles which cause the grain structure of surface of stars.
Together with the magnetic field also lots of protons are catapulted out of the surface. By collisions of protons to magnetic fields the photon-chains of magnetic fields decay to photons by accelerated chain reactions. Thus the ignition process normally occurs continuously. Later we will see some stars the ignition is done periodically.
Overall the specific structure of frozen hydrogen (flat tight net) causes the energy generation of sun. Otherwise the collision energies would not be high enough for decay of magnetic fields.
Another important knowledge is that heat generation occurs in atmosphere of sun and not in the center of sun, which would be physically impossible. The energy generation in the sun is a fatal error of interpretation, whereas the energy generation in the atmosphere is an unambiguous observation by measurements of physicists.
The heat generation of sun also verifies that magnetic fields consist of bound photons.
Comment: Synchrotron radiation is generated by collisions of protons or other particles to magnetic fields in particle accelerators. This is the only scientific explanation for synchrotron radiation and can easily verified by experiments.
The observed knowledge concerning supernovae is, that these are with high probability the reactions in universe with the highest energy generation per time. Supernovae lasts mostly about 2-3 weeks and after a rapid increase of energy generation there is often a plateau of less energy.
Following theories for supernova are not based on observations and are physically impossible: Collapse of matter, two different mechanisms, rotation increase of remaining star, remaining star being a neutron star or black hole, accretion of matter.
As in current physics energy generation is not understood, physicists worked out two theories, which are physically impossible. It has been stated that energy of supernova is generated by collapse of matter of stars, which occurs by less energy generation in center of stars accompanied by reduced pressure in center.
Correct is current knowledge which is gained by observations that energy generation is mostly accompanied by pressure increase. Despite of this knowledge the most important law of nature was not found: Energy is exclusively generated by a decay reactions of matter. Another rule of kinetics is that sudden generation of huge amounts of energy exclusively occur by self accelerated chain reactions. Self accelerated chain reactions are nearly always done by decay of bound photon structures to photons. Such reactions are not done and are not stopped in center of stars.
Current explanation concerning the timing of a supernova is correct: A supernova occurs when nearly all hydrogen in a star has reacted to highest possible nuclear fusion product.
But exclusively SURe – New Physics has defined the only chemically possible product of high nucleation: Like it is described in chapter A2.4 it is a nucleus which consists nearly complete out of bound protons called protonium. During lifetime of a star the concentration of this product increases steadily.
The nucleation reaction is a usual polymerization, as protons have two additional options to do double bondings to other protons. The first Proton-proton-bonding is equivalent to freezing ohf hydrogen and occurs somewhat below 20K, which is well known by physicists. Chemist know that polymerization is only then a successive reaction when there are strong differences in stability. is the case for frozen hydrogen, which is the first nucleation product of hydrogen .The next polymerizaion steps have no energetic differences, so that successive polymerization to helium nucleus, beryllium nucleus and so on is not possible. The nucleation product always is a mixture of different adducts. Because of less stability further nucleation needs even somewhst lower temperatures and id preferred by high pressure. Thus in the center of star there is always a higher percentage of protonium than to the outer areas.
The specific structure of frozen hydrogen is not only required for ignition of energy generation of sun but also for ignition of a supernova. The structure of frozen hydrogen was recently detected after some wrong proposals. The very soecial of the structure is that it fozen hydrogen builtds a extreme stable net by bindings to attached hexagons which each is stabilized by 6 triangles. So it is the same structure as frozen water. Uncountable layers of this net structure cover the surface of the sun As this stable net structure hinders the generated magnetic field by nucleation to be emitted out of the surface, there is a significant pressure building under the net. As by pressure the net will expand by bindings to additional frozen hydrogen units the “polymer membrane” expands to significantly larger volumes. Finally the membrane breaks by increased pressure and there is a sudden pressure drop. When under the membrane is mostly frozen hydrogen zhis leads just to an outburst of magneic fields and protons, which do collisions and decay to photons, observed by short light outburst. This is the explanation of light pulses.
But when under the surface membran there is already a high percentage of protonium then there is an outburst of light but in addition of protonium which decay in the lower pressure to all kind of nucleons. This is called supernova. There is no process which is fundamentally different. Differentiation is only the concentration of protonium and thus the degree of polymerization.
for energy generation and supernova significant which is a rigid plaThe poly In addition protonium is only stable at a high pressure, which is still ensured by the layers of membranes around the surface. Exclusively small magnetic structures can diffuse through the membrane. Thus the protonium/frozen hydrogen mixture is ignited and explodes, when this membrane breaks and there is a sudden pressure release. This causes the decay of protonium to lots of broken parts of protonium, which are atomic nuclei. These are emitted with very high energy and destroy the complete membrane. There are many more decays of atoms and of magnetic fields in the atmosphere of sun by high energetic collisions.
Current physics is based on theories which is equivalent to science fiction. Most current statements are far away from reality. These have to be eliminated and replaced by reality. Reality are all observations by reliable sensors without any interpretations of measured raw data. SURe – New Physics derived the Fundamental Laws of Nature exclusively by reliable measured raw data of physical research. By this it is possible to explain nearly all observations in cosmos. There are still many spectra which have not yet been understood which is also the case for supernova. Thus for these further research is needed. For each peak of a spectrum the corresponding bonding or decay reaction has to be determined.
But the basic mechanism has been well understood without any inconsistency. Thus nearly all theoriesconcerning supernovae have to be eliminated or marked as non-verified theory.
For some supernova it is stated that in spectra by time absorption by H decrease and absorption of He increases. This would be conform to the finding that the reaction of supernova starts at surface area where there is matter which decays mainly to protons by which all matter is emitted into the space. The supernova then continuous by decay of uncovered surface regions nearer to center, where there is protonium which mostly decay to diprotons which react to helium.
But there are also some inconsistencies in spectra. For example the H-alpha-line cannot be seen by a fluorescent lamp with pure helium, but it is clearly observed by special Balmer tubes in which some water is added to hydrogen.
Reactions of supernovae are in principle the reverse reaction of generation of protonium. The basic reaction steps are that protonium decays by photolysis (= photons bind to protonium and by this break proton-proton-bonding to smaller nuclei ms by bindings to omnipresent photons:
high-nucleated protonium + photons → low- nucleated protonium
low-nucleated protonium + photons → stable atomic nuclei (incl. protons)
atomic nuclei + omnipresent photons → atoms (incl. hydrogen-atom)
atomic nuclei + protons → atomic nuclei + muons
muons → electron-pairs + electrons
atoms + atoms → molecules (incl. hydrogen-molecule)
proton → 3 muon-neutrinos + electron
The reaction equilibria of neutronium do strongly depend on pressure. Sudden changes of reaction rates are always due to quick changes of reaction conditions. A supernova is initiated by a strong presssure release (eruption of BNs) of a giant star. The decay reaction of neutronium enhances the pressure reduction which accelerates the decay reaction. Main energy of supernova is generated by chain reaction of neutron and proton decays.
Overall the reactions explain
- a relative quick burst of a huge amount of energy
- a burst of a huge cloud of ordinary matter (see separate chapters)
The progress of supernovae reaction of a giant stars is exceptionally striking, so that it is exclusively explainable by SURe- New Physics.
The reaction starts under the broken membrane because of the sudden loss of pressure. The initiated accelerated decay reaction builds up pressure again, by which the complete membrane gets broken and the decay reaction is all over the surface mainly by the decay of magnetic fields plus the decay of protonium. This quickly results to maximum of energy generation. Then there is a quick release because heat generation of magnetic fields stp, when all magnetic fiels under the membrane has reacted. After that there will just be the energy generation by decay of protonium. As all protonium is emitted into space the reaction continuous on surface by which the surface gets smaller. Because the chanege of a quadratic fuction is a linear function the emitted energy decreases linear until the end. Linear reactions are extremely rare. In current physics this is simply ignored and no one tries to explain this.
Of course a supernova can only be explained when basic basic physical phenomenons are defined.
Missing or wrong basic definitions which would be needed to explain supernova are: energy, energy generation, energy consumption, gravitation, mass, degenerate matter, heat, absorption, pressure.
Physically impossible statements are: Gravitaional collapse, ignition of carbon fusion, transfer of significant amounts of matter by accretion disks, critical mass, existence of double star systems, expansion of stars to much bigger stars, sudden implosion of a star, runaway fusion, standard candels, temperature increase and ignition by increase of mass, onion like layers of matter.
Although when there are some differences, a supernova is a very specific reaction which should not be explained by basically different mechanisms. The probability for this is near zero.
Described basic mechanism by SURe – New Physics above is valid for all supernovae. Differences are mainly caused by mass of star:
Increased mass of star leads to
* stronger surface layers and thus mostly higher energies.
* polymerisation of atomic photon chains to larger magnetic fields by the longer way to surface and thus higher concentration and higher pressure in area below surface membrane.
* Higher concentration of protonium in center of star and therefore increased tendency for a neutron star as remnant.
* Lower concentrations of protonium under the surface membrane and therefore less reactive.
It has already been mentioned that high concentrated protonium of nearly 100% is more stable than less concentrated protonium, because of the nearly perfect overlapping of all protons to minimum spin energy. Therefore the supernova reaction will end when it reaches such matter in the center of the star. The remaining star (remnant) has an extreme high density of mass which equals a nucleus. The remnant is currently called neutron star. But there is no mechanism to convert a star to a celestial body which consists of neutrons. It is known, that neutrons are not stable. On the other hand protonium is stable so that the term neutron star has to be changed to protonium star. Protonium is not generated by supernova, but already before in the star. It is just so stable that it doesn’t decay by supernova. Although neutron star is a confusing term, here it will still be called neutron star.
A neutron star can be generated as remnant, when supernova explosion occurs on a star with a high mass. Only by this the frozen hydrogen in center of a star has sufficient time to nucleate to nearly 100% protonium.
Without a high mass the star decays completely by supernova.
A2.6.5 is the first and only scientific generation of a neutron star. First thinking of SURe – New Physics was that protonium is so stable that a neutron star is a relevant celestial body in universe. But such celestial bodies have never been observed till now. Observation of neutron stars is very difficult as these do not emit relevant number of photons, thus these generate no light or heat. As gravitation is also exerted by emission of photons (low energetic omnipresent photons) neutron stars don’t exert gravitation. Therefore neutron stars are exclusively observable by their impacts of collisions, which should be extremely strong because of the high mass. But this was also never observed.
Another problem is that the universe would change because there is no nearly complete “recycling” of matter anymore by supernova.
Overall it is much more probable that neutron stars also decay to stable atoms by reactions with omnipresent photons. This is much slower than supernova but so fast that there is not a relevant number of neutron stars in universe.
A supernova is an explosion, by which matter of star is emitted to space. There is no matter which is emitted to the center of the exploding star. If the center of the star does not decay it remains with the same mass as before. There is no matter with a high rotation velocity which falls to the center and increases by this the rotation velocities of the “surviving” center. A pirouette effect by which the rotation velocity is increased, is physically impossible. .
The supernova is a decay reaction of protonium to all different atoms from hydrogen and helium up to atoms with highest mass. Before a supernova had occurred exclusively hydrogen has been generated in universe.
But also many molecules with low number of different atoms are generated by supernova and emitted like all atomic matter in space as huge clouds. Later the cloud or several clouds will generate a new sun system. As it can be estimated that a sun system consists of more than 95% hydrogen, the atomic cloud also contains this percentage of hydrogen.
Observation:
There are specific molecules in molecular clouds and all over the universe. These molecules are mainly: CO, H2O, CH,CH2,CH4, NH3, SiO2. But also small amounts of more complex molecules like amino acids, formaldehyde, pyrimidine, PAHs.
Theory of current physics:
Molecules are generated by chemical reactions.
SURe - New Physics:
Observed molecules are not typical products of chemical reactions. Chemical reactions in space are nearly impossible as the chances for collisions are very low. For example the high amounts of CO cannot be explained. There would not even be significant traces of CO. A collision of a C atom with an O atom has an extreme low probability, because C and O will collide before with H atoms, which are present with much higher concentrations.
The same is true for more complex molecules.
All observed molecules are typical for being generated shortly after decay of protonium to single atoms by supernova.
It can be excluded that petroleum and natural gas were generated by plants or other “living“ matter. Natural gas consists of so perfectly “clean“ chemical molecules that it is impossible that natural gas has been generated by biological, biochemical and natural processes out of plants. It is even very difficult by technical processes to get bio-gas to equal quality as natural gas. The same is valid for petroleum. Current theories of generation are not reliable and inconsistent.
New Physics/ SURe of generation of petroleum and natural gas
It is obvious that all matter of earth comes from supernovae. This means basic matter of earth has been generated by supernova The various molecules like all kind of CH molecules, like CH, CH2, CH4, C2, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6 and so on are predestined to react to natural gas and petroleum. Basic matter of all solid celestial bodies has same origin and is therefore nearly identical. So all solid celestial bodies can contain these molecules or their reaction products like natural gas or petroleum. Of course all small molecules can get lost by emission into space. The principle of equal basic matter for generation of celestial bodies are also valid for other molecules like water and amino-acids, which are basic molecules for generation of life.
The atomic particles of a supernova do not drift apart. As there are fluctuating bondings of omnipresent matter to the atomic matter and as there are lots of bonding and decay reactions of omnipresent photons, a huge loosely bound structure of high concentrated omnipresent matter is generated and holds also the atomic matter in this structure. As all bondings und decays are done in a plane the structure of omnipresent photons is a flat plane structure. By movement of this system through space a resistance on one side can occur by another cloud. This would cause a rotation of the cloud. When the atomic matter collides these mostly do bondings so that these can grow up to celestial bodies again. This is a slow process and should not be called gravitational collapse. It is a typical freezing or crystallization process under weightlessness, which can easily be studied. Much later collisions of small celestial bodies also contribute to growth of celestial bodies, but not necessarily.
After the generation of the center star by freezing, the exrted gravitation of the star and the rotation of the cloud causes that the atomic matter is separated by mass of particles. The planets are also mainly generated by collisions and bondings of little particles, which can also be called freezing or crystallization. The first bigger particles will cause that other particles will preferably crystallize to this particle, which results to a limitted number of planets around the center star.
As already mentioned the center star generates lots of photons, mainly in the atmosphere. By this there is heat emission and light emission. But there are also emissions of very low energetic photons. These are causing gravitation, which is explained in detail in volume G “Gravitation”.
A star should be called all celestial bodies, which generate light.
All stars have same characteristics in order to generate light: These are generated by freezing of hydrogen so that following reactions do still occur, which are required for light generation:
* Further nucleation of frozen hydrogen to protonium.
* By this photon chains decay from protons and diffuse to surface.
* On surface these are catapulted out by high pressure, which was generated under the surface membrane of frozen hydrogen.
* By collisions (mostly with protons) the photon chains do accelerated chain reactions and decay to photons
Classification of stars makes sense by
* Age of star, which correlates to progress of nucleation
* Whether permanent, periodic or non-periodic light-emissions occur
Comments:
* Other observed differences correlate to distance,
* Size, mass and distance are no basic, but just individual differences.
All stars emit photons by same matter (magnetic fields) and by same process. Differences mainly occur by energy of collisions. Energy of collisions can be observed by the ratio of emitted gamma- to X-ray photons. This ratio should also change by age of star.
Emissions of low energetic photons is inaccurate, because of possible absorptions.
The emission of visible photons should not have relevant differences. Energies of emitted visible photons are always continuous.
Observed absorption lines of stars refer to inter- and innergalactical molecular clouds through which the emitted photons propagate. As these change by time absorption lines cannot used for classifications. The assignment to matter of sun is not possible.
Absorption is mainly done by gases in earth atmosphere or atomic matter in spectrometer like glass of lenses and and prisms.
Currently temperatures are determined by the theory that these correlate to emissions of visible photons. This is far away from reality. Temperatures are generated exclusively by emissions of IR-photons. But even IR-photons are no heat but generate increased kinetic energies of omnipresent photons, which is the correct definition of heat.
Of course the surface temperatures of all stars are below 14 K. Otherwise stars would not exist.
In addition the emitted visible photons from stars do not have relevant differences. The differences of measured visible spectra are a result of scattering effects of molecular clouds. It is well known that visible photons from sun get a increased redshift by increased scattering effects on molecules and particle matter by propagation pathlength through atmosphere.
This effect is also the explanation for the correlation of visible spectra to distance and to the number of absorption lines.
Comment: Like for stars also for galaxies redshifts are mainly caused by scattering and thus by distance. Theories of expansion of universe and dark energy are physically impossible.
Overall temperature and visible spectrum can not be used for classifications of stars.
A white dwarf is a very old star, so that a high percentage of hydrogen is nucleated to protonium. By the condensing reaction of nucleation a white dwarf is a compact star with high density of mass. Nucleation is also the cause that a white dwarf is a small star. As the possibilities for further nucleation reactions are reduces by age, white dwarfs emit less photons.
Because of age and high degree of nucleation, white dwarfs have a high potential for the initiation of a supernova reaction. A mass increase is not needed for initiation of supernova, but the same sudden pressure release as described earlier.
White dwarfs can only be seen, when these have a relative near distance, therefore these appear white.
Currently a lot of science fiction has been made up to describe white dwarfs and “degenerate matter”.
A star with a high mass can convert by nucleation to a giant star although generally there is a contraction of volume by nucleation. This is caused by the long duration which emitted photon-chains need to diffuse to the surface. By this these can bind to many other photon-chains to huge magnetic field lines. Contrary to smaller magnetic fields like in stars with lower mass the larger some magnetic fields do not have the capability to move through the surface membrane of the star. Therfore these magnetic structures are completely stopped by the membrane. The membrane is extended by additional frozen hydrogen so that the star slowly gets bigger. The giant star grows until the pressure is so high that the membrane breaks. By the pressure release the partly nucleated matter of star is initiated to an explosion(= uncontrollable accelerated breaking of bondings).
The increase of diameter of a star is much smaller than currently stated.
Different colors do not refer to the star. But different luminescence values might show different grades of density of membrane and by this different diffusion rates of magnetic fields.
Of course also normal stats can be very large and it can’t be differentiated to a giant star by internal pressure increase.
Cepheid Variables are giant stars which emit pulsed light instead of continuous light. The time period and amplitude of pulsation are very stable and range between different stars from 1 to 130 days. Current postulated mechanism for pulsation is called kappa-mechanism. The postulated kappa-mechanism is inconsistent and not conform to scientific principles.
A pulsed emission of light can generally do all stars which are of old age. Other examples are white dwarfs and pulsars. Main differences are whether the outburst of light is generated by mainly decay of photon chains (magnetic fields) or in addition by decay of protonium. The difference can be seen in emission spectra.
New Physics/ SURe presents the real mechanism of pulsation, which in principle is nothing new:
- In the core of ordinary stars, there is a build up of pressure by generation of magnetic field structures, which causes expansion of star, when there is a resistance to emit complex magneic fields by strong surface membranes of sun.
- When pressure is so high that it breaks open the surface there is a pressure release, which causes a sudden increase of decay reactions of the bound photon structures of magnetic fields and thus a light outburst.
- The surface layer closes again and a new cycle starts.
If there is a strong surface membrane it takes langer until the pressure for break of membrane is achieved and at the same time the magnitude of outburst is stronger. This results to the observation that there is a correlation of time duration between outburst and brightness of outburst.
A pulsar is a pulsating source of radio emission. This description is reality. But in current physics there are other statements, which are physical nonsense:
Theory: A pulsar is a neutron star.
SURe: A neutron star is not capable to emit radiation. A pulsar mostly is a white dwarf or a cepheid variable.
Theory: Pulsars can do fast rotations in range of few milliseconds. Rotation is highly increased by supernova.
SURe: Supernova is an explosion reaction, which does not transfer any rotation energy to remnant by the so called pirouette effect. There are no fast rotations of celestial bodies because the required energy cannot be transferred to a star and thus fast rotations are physically impossible. The estimated highest rotation frequency of a star is 1/3 hours.
Theory: There is highly focused synchrotron radiation.
SURe: Highly focused radiation cannot be generated by nature. Synchrotron radiation is completely misunderstood in physics. Acceleration does not cause emission of photons.
Theory: Pulses occur by self rotation of pulsars and permanent emission of photons near rotation axis focused by magnetic field lines which exit near axis.
SURe: It is physically impossible that emissions of photons by a celestial body have a relevant influence by rotation axis. In addition the apparent area of focused emission is so near to rotation axis that a pulsing would not be observable by rotation. In addition photons are not emitted out of stars but just photon-chains, which have to be ignited. By decay of the photon chains these have an impuls to outside area but in a wide range of angles, which can’t be focused.
Scientific explanation of low frequent pulsing: In a white dwarf only small amounts of photon chains are generated. Therefore occur only few eruptions of magnetic matter which are ignited. The eruption frequency depends on generation rate of photon chains and pressure which causes rupture of surface membrane. The process is the same as for a geyser.
Scientific explanation of frequent pulsing:
By a white dwarf or another star which generates more photon chains there occur a steady bubbling effect on the surface. The steady bubbling can be detected by radio-detectors as pulsing. So its just a measurement effect. Till now radio-signals and their measurements have not been understood.
Overall the pulsed light generation by rotation of a celestial body with an extremely focused beam which hits the earth is one of the most anti-scientific theories of physics.
It is correct that magnetic fields around celestial bodies are created by rotation of a celestial body (SURe Vol M = Magnetism). The magnetic strength correlates to rotation velocity.
But as stars and particularly magnetars do not have extreme high rotation velocities there are no celestial bodies with extraordinaire high magnetic forces.
If there would be high rotation velocities the magnetic strength would not be so strong, that it focuses a beam of photons. Physicist know that magnetic fields have very little influence to photons.
Currently physicists have no understanding of magnetism. Again magnetism is explained as magic force which can do interactions which are physically impossible.
Magnetars and their magnetic fields have never been observed or measured.
In 1979 high energetic generation of gamma- ray burst have been observed which were stated to be caused by magnetars. There are extremely anti-scientific theories for the statement that gamma ray bursts are generated by magnetars.
It is very unusual to call a circular celestial body with the highest density of mass as hole. To describe it as black is correct, because it is not seen by light detectors. This means it does not emit or reflect visible photons. SURe New-Physics has gained the knowledge that it emits no high energetic photons at all.
Because a black hole does not emit any visible radiation, it is no star. But current theory that a black holes have such a high gravitation that not any photon escapes the black hole is a totally wrong and physically impossible theory. The reality is the other way round: As a black hole emits an incredibly high number of low energetic IR-photons it generates an extremely huge area of gravitation. As already mentioned the emission of low-energetic photons is requirement that a celestial body generates gravitation. A black hole controls by constant emissions of low energetic photons the gravitation of the complete galaxy.
It took probably less than one year since generation of the universe that black holes grew to the first and largest celestial bodies, so that these are called supermassive black holes. The reason for this is quite simple. Black holes were generated by freezing of omnipresent photons. And the universe was filled with omnipresent photons shortly after generation of matter, which were electrons as only elementary particle, equivalent to spin energies.
Transfer of matter by accretion disks is physically impossible for black holes. Accretion disks generally don’t exist and have never been observed.
Before a galaxy is generated there has to be a black hole. Supermassive black holes are the most important but also simplest celestial bodies..
First scientific definitions by SURe – New-Physics:
* Heat is the average value of kinetic energies of omnipresent photons.
* Temperature is a man-made unit to measure heat. (Currently different units for temperature are used) .
Black holes are the reason, why the universe is stabilized at the feezing temperature of omnipresent photons, which is 2.73 K:
* If temperature in space gets colder, more photons get frozen to a black holes by which all colder photons do not participate anymore to the average heat.
* If the temperature gets warmer cold photons of 2,73 K are evaporated from surfaces of black holes and reduce temperature of space.
Also all phase transitions of atomic matter stabilize the temperature. On earth temperatures are significantly balanced by phase transitions between ice, water and water vapor. Thus the huge amounts of water on earth surface is very important as main factor for the balanced earth climate and thus for a living beings on earth.
Black holes can have different sizes. Smaller black holes do also orbits around bigger black holes. In a spiral galaxy there is mostly just one supermassiv black hole. In a cluster galaxy there are several black holes with different sizes.
The theory that there are stellar black holes which are generated as remnant by supernovae is physical impossible. A remnants of supernova are neutron stars or a white dwarfs. These consist of high concentrated protonium, which is different than the frozen photons of black holes. Protonium is not stable and decays after some time, but does not react to frozen photons. Most black holes are relatively stable.
Around a supermassive black hole there is the so called galactic bulge which consists of many billions stars and other celestial bodies in relative small space of a hollow sphere. There are no gases and there is no accretion disk around the black hole. Between black hole and galactical bulge is no celestial body at all. An accretion disk is physically impossible and has never been observed. The disc of the spiral arms might give the impression of an accretion disk.
Contrary to theory a black hole is extremely inactive. Any severe energetic activity would be a desaster because this would change gravity of the complete galaxy. In next chapter it will be shown that there is even a protection against collisions of other stars in order to ensure stable gravitation in galaxy. Thus bonding and decay of photons are the only relevant actions.
The most important observation is, that all celestial bodies except many black holes don’t move straight but are deflected so that these do orbit movements around other celestial bodies. Physicist know that all deflections need a force otherwise there would be exclusively straight movements in universe. The only physically possible explanation for forces is that collisions by other objects occur, so that celestial bodies are deflected. All other explanations like a magic force which does attraction is magic, which means physically impossible science fiction.
Before 1900 nearly all physicists were aware that there must be an omnipresent matter (ether) in space to explain many interactions in universe. Newton was rightly criticized to do occultism by his theory of a magic force. Albert Einsteins theory for gravitation was even much stronger antiscience. But the acknowledgement of Einstein to be genius because of absurd illogical theories was the break through that physics turned from physical science to science fiction and made up theories which worked by magics instead of physics. By this the omnipresent matter was abandoned.
In SURe- New Physics around 2014 the omnipresent matter (meanwhile called dark matter) could be defined to be omnipresent photons. Photons are the only particles which fulfill the requirements for an omnipresent matter. Photons have by far the highest stability of all particles in universe. In the volume of one atom there are several hundred thousands omnipresent photons. This number is not only in vacuum of space but also in atomic matter. This explains that the force by collisions can deflect celestial bodies.
The problem of SURe- New Physics was, that first the theory was derived, that collisions lead to repulsion. The reality is that this only the case for collision with subsequent reflections of collided particles. By collisions of photons to atomic matter bonding occurs which cause attraction. Thus atomic matter is attracted to positions of highest overlapping with photons which is to the direction of highest concentration of photons. This is conform to first Fundamental Law of Nature.
This implies that photons must have a concentration gradient to exert gravitation. This results to the fact, that a celestial body which exerts gravitation must continuously generate photons to maintain a continuous gradient of photon density. This has already been explained for stars. But nearly the same mechanism is done by planets and moons. In following chapter photon generation is explained for a black hole.
A Black hole has following mechanism: A black hole absorbs all received radiation. Mostly it is emitted from stars of galactic bulge. The sum of radiation of several hundred billions of stars is nearly constant, also when one supernova occurs. By absorbing high energetic photons surrounding photons increase their vibration energy and some will decay by too strong vibrations. These are emitted out of the black hole. The free bonding options will be replaced by surrounded cold omnipresent photons from space. Overall there is a photon exchange without a net energy effect. The black hole emits photons with higher energy than surrounded photons. These will be aligned to average energy of omnipresent photons after some time. Before the higher energetic photons penetrate omnipresent photons. Thus the black hole generates “anti-gravitation” in the near surrounding. This is important to prevent collisions by stars, which would have an impact to generation of photons.
Increased concentration of omnipresent photons and by this relevant gravitation starts at the hollow sphere of the galactic bulge. This is the first and only explanation that there is a hollow sphere of very dense celestial bodies, which is called galactic bulge. In order to do stable orbit movements celestial bodies need a gravitational force. All celestial bodies which do a very slow movement can do orbit movements in this region. As the gravitational force rapidly increases there are also lots of stars which do higher orbit movements. Overall the galactic bulge represents a relative small region, where stars with a wide range of different velocities can do orbit movements because of a wide range of gravitation.
The slow orbital velocities of stars near center of spiral galaxies have been measured before the knowledge that a black hole exists in the each center of a galaxy. Phsical scientists explained this by the high some of masses of galactic stars outside the center. Physicists should know that by rules of addition of forces an orbit movement can only be explained by a force rectangular to the movement, which is a force to the center of a galaxy. Thus the orbital movements prove that there has to be a huge celestial body in the center of a galaxy which exerts low gravitational force near center and stronger gravitational force by increasing distance.
The well observed decreasing velocities by decreasing distance to black hole have been documented in published diagrams which are still presented in all physics books. Despite of this physicists ignore the results of physical research by measurements and prefer to tell physical impossible science fiction stories to people. They made up a theory that there is an extreme high gravitation in the surrounding of black holes and stubbornly stick to this theory and by this make the valuable research work of physicists worthless.
This antiscientific behavior can be explained by the typical characters of all people:
1. They don’t like to admit that they do have a wrong understanding or did an error.
2. Particular foe ccientists: They don’t want to admit that they have no scientific explanation for the reality.
By both items they fear to lose reputation and respect. It is a severe fault of others to think negative about errors of scientific research, because errors are the normality in scientific research. No error is a clear indication that there is no scientific research.
3. People and in particular media want to describe a new discovery as exciting and crazy as possible. Nobody is interesting in descriptions of a black hole as very simple star without any crazy activities. But describing it by extreme high gravitation, “so that even radiation cannot escape” and “extreme cannibalistic by swallow lots of celestial matter”. This sounds much more interesting and is nearly continuously presented in “scientific” reports about astrophysics on TV.
According to current theory of gravitation an increasing distance of stars should cause reduction of velocities, but the reality is that velocities nearly stay constant. Instead of elimination of theory of gravitation another physically impossible theory was made up: the missing mass is provided by dark matter. But small bodies or particles do not generate gravitation, because this is only possible by celestial bodies, which generate omnipresent photons. This theory is in addition not conform to bulk galaxies or to sister galaxies. By a halo of dark matter also the nearly stable velocities cant be explained.
The Scientific Universal Reality is, that concentration of omnipresent photons is not reduce not by square distance like in sun system but by distance, because omnipresent photons are highly concentrated in the galactic plane.
The picture is constructed by radiosignals of the center of a galaxy. Radio-signals consist of electron-pairs which are always genrated when there are photons by decay of photons. The advantage of electron-pairs is that these can penetrate most celestial bodies and clouds of molecules and magnetic fields, which is also the case for X-ray – or gamma-photons.
As the black hole is surrounded by a spheric hollow of a galactical bulge there an high area of luminescence in a circle around the black hole. There is a somewhat higher liminescence in the area where the radation comes from the sides of the hollow sphere od galactical bulgr than from the front.
The radiosignals can be assigned to colors by range of luminescence. So when the color black is assigned to bit lower luminescence range and the color yellow for a luminescence range which is somewhat higher you will get the presented picture.
There is another picture of a black hole, which has been done some years earlier withou the spectfic black-yellow differentiations. This are shows the complete area of the galactic bulge as are of high luminescence. Thus the black center is just a manipulated illusion. But by the new picture it has been verified that the galactic bulge is a hollow sphere. A very important finding is that arround the black hole no accretion disc has been observed.
Following additional phenomenons have no scientific basis but have been made up by scientifically impossible science fiction:
* Singularity
* Event horizon
* Hawking radiation
* Schwartzschild radius
* Relativistic jets
* Accretion disc
* Wormhole
Nearly the only activities of black holes are
* to absorb all radiated photons in their structure of frozen photons
* by this vibrations are increased which cause emission of low energetic photons which get after some time to omnipresent photons.
The collisions of emitted photons with omnipresent photons cause decays of some photons to two electron-pairs. The electron-pairs are radiated to all directions ba penetrating all omnipresent photons. This is the explanation that by radio-telescopes huge clouds of electron-pairs can be detected around a black hole.
The most errors besides the non-detection of the origin of matter and the Fundamental Laws of Nature (=Weltformel) in physics occurred, because
1. the most important matter has not been detected: The omnipresent photons.
2. the non-scientific explanation of gravitational force.
Nearly all celestial bodies do stable periodic orbital movements. All movements of celestial bodies end up either by a collision or by a stable orbit. Thus it is automatically the case that nearly all observed celestial bodies do orbit movements. The orbit movement can only be changed by a significant change of mass by a reaction like supernova or by a collision with another celestial body.
Many orbits are nearly circular. According to current knowledge of physics all orbits should be circular.
The requirements for a stable circular orbit of an orbiting celestial body relative to the orbited celestial body are:
* The exerted gravitational force to the orbiting celestial body has to be stable.
* The velocity of the orbiting celestial body relative to the orbited celestial body has to be stable.
* The kinetic energy of the orbiting celestial body relative to the orbited celestial body has to be stable.
* The orbiting body must have same values of kinetic force and gravitational force and the kinetic force has to be experienced gravitational force. Comment: Kinetic force is equivalent to kinetic energy relative to orbited celestial body.
These requirements are based on the well known vectorial addition of forces.
So physicists should have done research, to find out which of these requirements are not fulfilled and why these are not fulfilled.
Unfortunately physical scientists did not admit to the public, that they can’t explain the non- circular orbits. This would have been a real scientific approach because by this scientists are encouraged to do further research to find the explanations.
Instead they made occult out of physical science. They stated that the orbits are generally elliptical because the orbited celestial body and another imagined hidden object which is the second focal point required for generation of an elliptic orbit. This is even worse than occulutism, it is anti-science on highest level:
* the orbited celestial body can’t act as a focal point, as it can’t do anything which has to be fulfilled by a focal point
* the orbited celestial body can’t act as a focal point, because it has to know the position of imagined focal point which does not exist as an object.
* The mathematical rules for an ellipse cannot be known and not be fulfilled by any natural object; particularly it can’t be fulfilled by gravitation.
*The orbiting celestial body does not get any information how to move to form an ellipsis, this means there are no forces to deflect movement to an elliptical movements.
* Scientist did not even try to define a force for elliptical movements.
* Forces which generate elliptical movements would need a tight bondage from orbited celestial body over a bondage with flexible length to the orbiting celestial body which goes further to a tight bondage to a not existing object.
Orbits of celestial bodies is an example which shows the anti-scientific use of mathematics. It has not been understood till now that by mathemaics nothing in universe can be proved or explained. Mathematics is exclusively useful to describe proportionality of properties, but these are so simple that it bettwer can be explained by words as there are mostly restrictions. Currently mostly mathematics is used in physics for following:
* to hide physically impossible statements by scientifically sounding complicated mathematics.
* to do fake- verification of physical impossible theories by cyclical fallacies: theories are transferred to mathematics and by correctly done transformations of mathematical equations you will get the physically impossible results of the theory. Then it is stated: as the mathematical transformations are correct, then the theory is correct.
As the universe is ruled by two simple mathematical formulas (=Weltformel), complicated formulas in scientific papers are a clear indication of a physical impossible theory.
For an ellipsis there are fixed mathematical requirements. By observations the knowledge should have been gained that nearly no orbit is elliptical.
The problem is the measurement because spherical orbits appear to be exactly elliptical when the orbit is not observed rectangular to orbital movement which is mostly the case. But this is well known and can be taken into account by making a claim.
It is impossible to perform valid calculations when you don’t understand, what is calculated. As the various concentrations of omnipresent matter are unknown a calculation does not make sense, because the results are meaningless. Very unscientific is that the wrong formulas of the first observers like Keppler have not been corrected. For first observations the derived formulas were an outstanding performance, but the observation capabilities have increased immensely. Also Newtons law of gravitation have been falsified meanwhile by improved observations. It is normality that by improved observation former statements have to be revised.
Some physicists like Albert Einstein got famous by formulas which have no scientific basis at all. Einstein “corrected” the formula for calculation of precession movement of mercury to the “known value”.
It is known that all orbital movements are determined by gravitation. In our sun system gravitation is caused exclusively by sun. But the sun exerts a stable gravitational force. Thus there must be other explanations why orbits are not elliptical (current theory) or why orbits are not circular, which has to be the case for stable gravitation.
Currently there is the theory that orbital movements are influenced by other planets. Such an influence would be easily observable by different distances. As there is not any observable influence this theory is falsified and has to be eliminated.
Another falsification of this theory is that the influence would not lead to the observed periodic orbit changes. There would be nearly chaotic movements if any orbit is influenced by other orbiting celestial bodies. There is not any observation for this.
Another theory is that flattening of stars causes deviations of orbits. Also for this theory there is no verification.
SURe is that kinetic energy of an orbiting celestial body has to be stable. At least at start of an orbit the kinetic energy has to be the same as at the end. Otherwise the orbit would steadily change to a wider orbit when the kinetic energy decreases or would convert steadily to a tighter orbit when the kinetic energy increases. This will end either to a free moving celestial body or to a collision.
As the kinetic energy of the orbiting celestial body has to be stable, the gravitational force has to change. SURe has shown that stars and black holes have mechanism so that exerted gravitational force stays constant. This is conform to observations.
Thus there is only one scientific explanation left:
Explanation: The experienced gravitational force of the orbiting body changes during one orbit so that it is the same at the start and the end of an orbit.
As gravitational force depends on concentration gradient there must be different concentrations which are at specific locations during orbital movement.
Gravitation which is not directly exerted by celestial bodies and is not directed to the center of celestial bodies is called by SURe – New Physics “irregular gravitation”.
For above conclusion it has to be explained where there are concentation variations of omnipresent photons during an orbit.
First it has to be explained why these positions of different concentrations are stable: By high concentrations of bondings there are increased bindings of photons and by increased bindings of photons there are increased concentration of bondings. By both facts there are relative little tendencies that different concentrations balance out. Another reason is that there is a stable coneration of omnipresent photons. This means concentration differences are very stable although there are permanent bonding and decay reactions.
The high concentrated areas of omnipresent photons are in addition determined by stability of bondings. Bonded structures of photons have a high stability when the bondings have same direction, because by this the vibrations of bondings can have higher energies before these break.
This results to following:
In the direct surroundings of a celestial body the concentration is so high that bondings are built to all directions which means spheric around the celestial body.
By less concentration of omnipresent photons because of increased distance to the celestial body two dimensional structures are built because of the higher stability. Thus a flat plane of increased concentration is generated. Such a plane is the plane of the sun system. By Fundamental Laws of Nature (Weltformel) celestial bodies prefer to orbit in this plane. This is the explanation celestial bodies are often moving in a plane. But this is not always the case. Often these cross the plane of sun system or have different distances to this.
Emissions of photons from surface of celestial body should also be influenced by self rotation of the celestial body. Emitted energies and amounts of photons should be increased perpendicular to rotation axis.
Comment: Gravitation is influenced by concentration gradient and not by concentration.
It is not quite clear until now if there is an additional direct influence by concentration.
There is a high probability that also the concentration of omnipresent photons influence the velocities of bodies directly. This means that the velocity is reduced by increasing density of omnipresent which is equivalent to increasing “ether wind”.
As linear structures are more stable as plane structures particular in areas with low concentration of omnipresent photons linear structures are preferred. These explain for example the spiral arms of galaxies ot the linear structures between galaxies, which are called the galactic net.
As already mentioned the high concentrated areas are relative stable although each single bonding is very unstable. Bindings and decays are determined by “Weltformel”: Particles do as many bindings as allowed by stability of bondings. A bonding breaks when the bonding vibrations exceed there maximal amplitude of overlapping. Each new binding increases the average of vibrations.
The orbit of earth is nearly circular. The observed focus is slightly shifted compared to the focus of a cyclic orbit. Around January 4 the earth has a point of nearest approach to sun, which is called perihelion.
Around July 4 is the point of largest distance to the sun, which is called aphelion.
Both points are at the same time the points with most deviation from average velocity. This shows that the deviations from circular orbit is a result of varying velocities. This occurs partly by penetration effect without change of kinetic energy but in addition by varying concentration gradient which influences also kinetic energy. The magnitude of both effects is not known because the concentrations and the concentration gradient is not known. Thus mathematical calculations are impossible.
The orbit of earth is nearly a circle, because it nearly follows the plane of the sun system with a minimal angle of ecliptic. In january the plane of sun system exerts a small additional gravitation by the high concentrated omnipresent photons. By the higher gravitation the orbit velocity is a bit increased. In July it is the other way round: gravitation is a bit lower by smaller by a reduction of the normal gravitation and thus the velocity is increased.
Mercury is the planet with the highest angle of orbit to the plane of sun system. By this mercury has to traverse the complete plane of the sun system with the high concentration of omnipresent photons. Therefore mercury is affected by the strongest effects of irregular gravitation, which causes the high eccentricity of the orbit. The effectst are enhanced by low distance to sun because of the basically high concentration of emitted omnipresent photons from sun.
An explanation for the precession movement of the perihelion is with high probability a reduction of velocity by the high concentation of omnipresent photons during movement near to sun.
Detailed explanations of orbit can be done by evaluation of various velocity data.
Physicists should well know that current explanations are physically impossible and thus they shouls admit that there are no scientific explanations. Scientific acting is to recognize this and admit that by current physics this can‘t be explained. Anti-scientific acting is to tell to people physically impossible explanations.
Tides cannot be explained by the gravitation of the moon because following:
* The moon does not exert gravitation to the earth and thus a flood (see next chapter).
* Also the side of earth which do not face the moon experiences a flood.
* The gravitation of sun is much stronger and there is not any flood generation by sun.
* Although there is no flood effect by sun alone, there is a stronger flood when in addition to moon also the sun faces the flood.
All observations which falsify current physics, proof the scientific universal reality of SURe – New Physics
Tides are caused by irregular gravitation. Also the rotation of moon around the earth generates a plane of increased concentration of omnipresent photons by a bound plane structure around the earth up to the circling moon. Thus there is an irregular gravitation in direction to this plane. The irregular gravitation causes that the sea -water flows to the direction of the plane from both sides beyond this plane.
The plane of sun system is so broad that the earth completely do self rotation in this are and there is no effect of irregular gravitation by by self rotation of earth. But when position of moon is is line with sun the additional thin plane between earth – moon well generate a stronger concentration gradient and thus a stronger irregular gravitation (here stronger tide).
Currently there is a theory that moon and earth orbit around a common focus and that this causes a wobbling movement of the earth, which participates in generation of tides on earth. But it is impossible that the moon has an impact on earth. Forces are always added to a final force and this well known physical rule is valid for the value and the direction of force.
According to current theory there are lots of double star systems, which generate a common center of mass and that both stars rotate around this center of mass.
A center of mass is just a mathematical term, which is virtual point of a mass, but not a real mass. Nothing, what is no reality can exert forces. That is occultism, magics and is based on physically impossible science fiction. A center of mass would exclusively physically exist when there is a solid bridge between the rotating stars.
It would be possible to explain this by SURe – New Physics, because a bonding between near stars by a photon structure does exist. So I would be glad when a common center of mass would exist, because this would be a strong verification of this bound bridge of photons. But it is also reality that these bondings are not strong enough to resist the strong forces by rotation. Commonly rotating objects are generally physically impossible. Of course these never have been observed. When two neighboured stars are seen in space there is just the illusion of being neighbored. In reality these have different distances to the earth.
There are other falsifications of orbits of two celestial bodies around each other:
* It would not be possible that such a system does a common orbit around a black hole or other mass center.
* If earth would wobble by gravitation of moon this movement would be clearly seen by observation of stars. It is well known that any movement of the earth can be detected by “deflection of starlight” Although this is well known, there is no scientific explanation for this phenomenon (explained later).
The bridge of bound photons from earth to the moon is physical reality and causes a well known effect which everyone can see by observing the moon: The bondings of the bridge of photons to the moon stopped the self rotation of the moon relative to earth. This is the explanation for the fact, that we see always the same side of the moon.
The bondings of the photon bridge to moon is relative week, therefore it has taken many years until the moon rotation wasstopped. Of course bondings are also generated to the earth. But the earth rotation has such a high energy that these get broken again.
Nevertheless these have also a measurable effect to earth rotation. This effect explains that the rotation of earth slows down so that a day gets longer. In order to correct the time, after time spans of few years the time measurement is officially corrected by a leap second.
Of course at time of Newton there were very limitted data for gravitation. Therefore his formula is just a first trial to describe proportionalities of gravitation. As best guess he defined following formula for forces of attraction F between two objects with two different masses m1 and m2 and F1 and F2 as the gravitational force of the two bodies as:
F = F1 = F2 = G * ( m1 * m2) / r²
G = constant of gravitation and r = distance between two objects
Newton looked for a formula which is generally valid. This is only possible when you have a scientific explanation for the property. As this is by far not the case there have to be measurements of the property by changing as many conditions as possible. With the data you can get a correlation under specific conditions, which are used for the formula. A formula without an explanation which is based on measurements on specific conditions, is mostly only valid for the specific conditions. This can be seen by the found different constants G by different conditions although G is defined as universal constant.
You have to use clear definitions of properties in formula. For example it is no clear, what F1 and F2 means. These can’t be the exerted forces of gravitation, as the these would be different by masses. As comment: there are two different gravitational forces: exerted gravitational force and experienced gravitational force. Correct is the multiplication of the two masses. The multiplication of two masses mostly does not make sense, and can only be explained that in this case one mass refers to the exerted gravitation and the other mass to the experienced gravitation.
The proportionality to1/r² is explained by the fact that a spherical surface reduces by 1/r². Reality is that gravitational force reduces by the gradient of spherical surface which is by 1/r. This can be verified by measurements of the increasing velocity of usual objects by freefall- experiments or by the velocities of orbits of planets around sun.
A formula for gravitation can only be valid when one or both objects exert gravitation. The force which is measured by Cavendish experiment is an electrostatic force. Other heavy bodies like rocks and big buildings do not exert any gravitation.
A very important result of the formula of gravitation is that systems of two celestial bodies which have masses which are not extremely different do not exist, as these would end soon by a collision. There has to be a force of movement which is in average perpendicular to a real object, which exerts gravitation.
The term quasars is derived by “quasi stellar radio source”. In reality these are normal galaxies which appear as a single light source because of the distance.
Currently a quasar is described as is an extremely luminous active galactic nucleus. Correct description is that the “nucleus” of a galaxy is always an ultra-massive black hole.
Quasar, active galactic nucleus and galaxy are redundant terms and it makes sense to use just the usual term, which is galaxy. It is normality that some galaxies are larger than others, but in principle these have no relevant differences.
Typical for radiation of far distant galaxies are radio radiation and high energetic photon radiation like x-ray- and gamma-photons. The reason for this is that these particles have the highest capability for penetration.
It is stated that quasars (far distant galaxies) have an extreme high luminosity. The luminosity is unusual high even when it is taken into account that the energetic flux is emitted by several 100 billions stars.
But by having a short look to the formula of luminosity, according to my limited knowledge of mathematics the formula for luminosity it wrong. The formula just converts the measured luminosity of the small sensor area to the area of the galaxy which emitted the energy. An increase of an area by distance should be should be proportional to distance to galaxy but not to squared distance. The derivation of the formula in Wikipedia is mathematically and physically impossible.
At least when physicist calculated extreme unusual high energies, physicists should have controlled the formula and corrected this.
The emitted omnipresent photons by black hole prefer to bind in near surrounding to 3-dimensional structures, in more far distance to 2-dimensional plane structures which include also even more stable linear structures. The increased bondings stabilize the increased concentations of omnipresent photons near emission source. As celestial bodies prefer locations with high concentrated photons because of energy minimizing, the celestial bodies mostly orbit in plane of higher concentrated omnipresent photons. Formation of galactic bulge is explained before.
The basic explanation is the preference of photons to bind to linear structures. But structures of photons are not visible by eyes.
The explanation of visible spiral arms is that celestial bodies prefer higher concentrations of spiral arms because of the increased reduction of spin energies. But celestial bodies have to do orbit movements, so that these can’t stay in this area.
Physical scientists have already found out that in the spiral arms of spiral galaxies the velocities of orbiting stars become slower during transversal of a spiral arm. By this the density of stars is increased in this region. But an explanation has to be complete. It has to be explained why the velocities reduce and later are accelerated again.
By SURe – New Physics there are two phenomenons which explain different velocities during orbiting:
1. There is an acceleration to the area of higher photon density in the area of a spiral arm which is equivalent to an additional gravitation effect which is not directed to the black hole.. spiral arm So during stars enter the spiral arms of higher concentrated photons theses are accelerated into this area. Stars are decelerated again when these leave the area of high photon concentrationThus the area of a visible spiral arm by higher density of decelerated stars is not the same as the area of high density of omipresent photons, but there is a shift. shifted. But also during the paths through increased photon concentration there should be normal velocity because there is no additional gravitational force by density gradient. Thus there must be another explanation for the observation of scientists.
2. There is a very important phenomenon in physics: it is the speed reduction of radiated photons penetration. Penetration or radiated photons from black hole occurs just a short time after emission. Then the photons do bondings, which explains the formation of galactical bulge in a distance where generation of regular gravitational force starts.
But there is also a high possibility that the velocity of celestial bodies reduce, by increasin concentration of omnipresent photons. This is currently the only scientific explanation of perhelion precision of mercury. By the higher concentration of omnipresent photons the orbiting velocity is reduced and by leaving the orbit velocity is increased again.
An astrophysical jet is described as focused outburst of matter out of the center of galaxy, which is much longer than a galaxy and some propagate by light velocity. There is not any observation and not any physical possible explanation of a galactic jet. A jet is described Why is a galactic jet visible from the side. It is physically impossible that emitted photons can be detected by any angle which is different from direction of velocity.
All pictures which show apparent galactic jets are clearly pictures from galaxies, in which some external stars which are far away from galaxy are arranged in a row. This is nothing unusual because of the preference of omnipresent matter to bind to straight rows.
A celestial body which has been catapulted out of a galaxy might also decay on his way and by this build crystallization nuclei for generation of new stars.
Explanation by SURe. Hypotheses of modern physics:
1. In a molecular cloud there is a hydrostatic equilibrium which is a balance between kinetic energy of the gas particles (pressure) and the potential gravitational energy of gas particles.
2. The cloud expands when the kinetic energy is stronger than the potential gravitational energy and the molecular cloud collapses and forms a star when the kinetic energy gets smaller than the potential gravitational energy.
3. Kinetic energy of particles is determined by temperature.
All Rights: Dr. O. Vogel , J. Vogel / A.Vogel ; Unabhängige Forschungsgemeinschaft UFG/ Germany
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